Report: Comair Flight

My Summary Comair Flight 191, also marketed and know as Delta Connection Flight 5191, was scheduled to fly from Lexington, Kentucky, to Atlanta, Georgia, on the morning of August 27, 2006. Unfortunately the jet crashed while attempting to take off from Blue Grass Airport in Fayette County, Kentucky. There is a ton of information on this accident and numerous â€Å"mistakes† that possibly led to it but it seems that the majority of the blame was put on the captain. I find this accident had multiple people at fault, in that if any one person was able to do their job professionally and accurately, this accident would not of happened and those people would still be alive today. The Event The aircraft was assigned by the tower to the airport's Runway 22 for the takeoff, but used Runway 26 instead. Runway 26 was too short for a safe takeoff which was typically used for general aviation, causing the aircraft to overrun the end of the runway before it could become airborne. It crashed just past the end of the runway, killing all 47 passengers and two of the three crew. The first officer was the only survivor and not the pilot in command but was flying at the time of the accident. Matthew Kawamura 06/15/2013 Air Trans 1010 SM Errors Leading Some of these errors are of skill based, judgment and or perception based but some are a combination. 1. The flight crew initially boarded the wrong aircraft. A Comair ramp agent noticed that the accident flight crew had boarded the wrong airplane and started its auxiliary power unit. Another company ramp agent notified the flight crewmembers that they had boarded the wrong airplane. The flight crew then shut down the APU and proceeded to the correct airplane. I don’t know if this is a common mistake but shows me how easy the day can start off wrong. That’s 3 professional people that all walked on the wrong plane and did not notice. Should this have set off some alarms that something was not right? My question has no answers but am sure it may have caused them to be behind schedule and then add some sort of stress. 2. The LEX air traffic control tower was staffed with one controller at the time of the accident airplane’s preflight activities, taxi, and attempted takeoff. The controller was responsible for all tower and radar positions. I believe that if the tower did not check on the radar position and follow through on watching the aircraft. He was to make sure the aircraft was on the correct runway. According to the report, the tower was to be manned with two people. If this was enforced, maybe the controller would not have been so over worked and could have caught the mistake. I think also that the controller had assumptions that this crew knew what was going on and didn’t need to be babysat. There had not been any issues with any other aircraft getting on the wrong runway that we know of. 3. The first officer began the takeoff briefing, which is part of the before starting engines checklist. During the briefing, he had confusion as to what runway to use and stated, â€Å"he said what runway†¦ two four,† to which the captain replied, â€Å"it’s two two. † The first officer continued the briefing, which included three additional references to runway 22. This would lead one to believe that there was no more confusion about what runway to use and a second check could have saved them. 4. During the brief, the first officer also noted that the runway end identifier lights were out and commented, â€Å"came in the other night it was like †¦ lights are out all over the place. † This reflects the care of the airport fac ilities. Sounds like a simple task to replace lights but we have no answers to why this is allowed to go on. Having had been to this airport other times, I can see no concern for it as long as you are sure. Just because other planes are doing it doesn’t make it safe. I feel a lot of stuff is follow the leader or a check list mindlessly because that’s how it is and is the same result at the end†¦ Everything the same and ok. This brings in carelessness. Matthew Kawamura 06/15/2013 Air Trans 1010 SM Violations 1. During the start engines checklist, some shady stuff was going on. The captain pointed out that the before starting engines checklist had already been completed, and the first officer questioned, â€Å"We did†? The irst officer seems to be a little behind the curve, the captain is going to fast for him through the checks or just wanted to skipped it completely. Being only a first officer, who is going to argue and is just relying on the captain’s word or not doing checks properly. This also may be standard cheating around the industry. Who will blow the whistle? 2. The flight crew engaged in conversation that was not pertinent to the operation of the flight. This would be violating the sterile cockpit rules during critical moments. Matthew Kawamura 06/15/2013 Air Trans 1010 SM Maybe a sterile cockpit could of helped? Three people messing around sounds like fun but seem to forget about the other people on board who depend on them to be professional. Environmental The crew, tower, weather and plane all seemed to be good to go from the reports. The runway had lighting issues and the charts had some issues. 1. Runway 4/22 had high intensity runway lights that worked and also had centerline lights and runway end identifier lights, but they were out of service at the time of the accident because of a construction project. If more care would of been put in place to how this affects the pilots, and listened to pilot complaints this should not of been an issue. 2. The charts showed the taxiway configuration at the completion of the construction project that was not completed. I couldn’t figure out what all the before and after charts meant, but the bottom line is that the charts in use were out of date and or didn’t show proper information which could have caused more confusion for the crew. Supervision 1. The captain began a discussion with the first officer about which of them should be the flying pilot to ATL. The captain offered the flight to the first officer, and the first officer accepted. Matthew Kawamura 06/15/2013 Air Trans 1010 SM The captain delegated to the first officer and then seemed to rush through the check list and the first officer seemed to not be quite on the ball. The first officer let the captain take control of the check list, this in turn led to inadequate supervision and failure to correct. Organizational influence For the pilots, they seemed to be way relaxed not worried about what was going on around them. This was just another flight even though there was a lot around them going wrong to include the lights and short briefs. Seems that there is no checks to see how people work when no one is watching. For the tower, He seemed relaxed at his job also. He did some presuming and thought he didn’t have to babysit professionals. He saw the Comair airplane make a turn toward what he presumed to be runway 22, which was the last time he observed the airplane. The controller stated that, after he saw the airplane make this turn, he turned away and faced the tower cab’s center console so that he could begin the traffic count. Verbal guidance from the FAA’s vice president of terminal services, stated that facilities with radar and tower responsibilities were to be staffed with two controllers on the midnight shift so that the functions could be split, although both controllers could be colocated in the tower. There seemed to be checks and the tower continued how they wanted. Sounds like there should have been two controllers on duty so this puts people higher in the chain of command at being relaxed and not needing to worry cause it won’t happen to them. The Complete Chain IMO ( In my opinion) 1. I think the first link to the chain of events that led to this crash was when they boarded the wrong plane. This may have put them behind and then started the short cutting of briefs and procedures. Maybe it was just the beginning of their laziness and nothing cloud of have changed it. 2. The charts and lighting situation may have caused more confusion in the cockpit. 3. If the tower had two people, it may have helped out one of the controllers and allowed him the time to watch and make sure they were on the correct runway. The first two points being corrected still may not have prevented this accident but certainly the third would have prevented it unless they just didn’t listen. Solutions 1. Better taxi brief and follow. 2. Use check list and not shortcut. 3. Sterile cockpit. 4. Rest periods modified and day/night shift crews. 5. CRM training 6. Random safety checks 7. Fix lighting and make better 8. Look out the window for cues. Matthew Kawamura 06/15/2013 Air Trans 1010 SM NTSB determination â€Å"The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the flight crewmembers’ failure to use available cues and aids to identify the airplane’s location on the airport surface during taxi and their failure to cross?check and verify that the airplane was on the correct runway before takeoff. Contributing to the accident were the flight crew’s nonpertinent conversation during taxi, which resulted in a loss of positional awareness, and the Federal Aviation Administration’s failure to require that all runway crossings be authorized only by specific air traffic control clearances. †

Hitting the Wall: Nike and International Labor Practices Essay

Based in Beaverton, Oregon, Nike had been a corporate success story for more than three decades. It was a sneaker company, but one armed with an inimitable attitude, phenomenal growth, and the apparent ability to dictate fashion trends to some of the world’s most influential consumer. Selling a combination of basic footwear and street-smart athleticism, Nike pushed its revenues from a 1972 level of $62,000 to a starting $49 million in just 10 years. In the 1980s and 1990s, Nike had been plagued by a series of labor incidents and public relations nightmares; underage workers in Indonesian plants, allegations of coerced overtime in China, dangerous working conditions in Vietnam. For a while, the stories had been largely confined to labor circles and activist publications, until a young female worker had died in a Nike contracting factory in 1997, the labor conditions at Nike had hit the mainstream. While the marketing of Nike’s products was based on selling a high profile fashion item to affluent Americans, the manufacture of these sneakers was based as an arms-length and often-uneasy relationship with low paid, non-American workers. Key Issues Nike’s strategy of shaving costs caused ethical dilemmas that ultimately damaged its reputation. Nike outsources all of its manufacturing. This approach has provided Nike with huge profits, from a 1972 level of $60,000 to a startling $49 million in just 10 years. Production is now globalised, with different countries concentrating on different parts of the process depending on what they are good at, or what they can do most efficiently or cheaply. Poorer countries get the less lucrative activities such as lowly paid semi-skilled or unskilled production or assembly. This approach also allows Nike to keep an arms-length arrangement with its subcontractors, stating that, it is not they who employ cheap labor, but their contracted suppliers, hence the responsibility lies with the latter. Define the Problem  Nike has a difficult situation to resolve. Its strategy to use celebrity endorsements to develop a strong brand identity had the result that Nike became by the 1990s one of the world’s best known brands, as well as a global symbol of athleticism and urban cool. This situation began to change by 1998, when currency woes in Asia along with the damage to its image resulted in Nike experiencing a loss for the first time in 13 years. This strategy resulted in Nike requiring steep wage concessions from its subcontractors to continue its intense growth patterns. Nike has always paid the lowest possible wages in Indonesia, claiming year after year that it could not afford even to pay the country’s minimum wage. Each year, Nike contractors in Indonesia refused to pay minimum wage raises of a few cents a day. Thanks to a corrupt and inefficient government, they usually got away with it. Adding to this problem was the issue of child labor. Nike went into Pakistan, knowing full well that child labor is an ages-old practice there and taking no precautions whatsoever to prevent the use of child labor in the production of its soccer balls. We have to conclude that Nike expected to profit from its Pakistani contractors’ known usage of bonded child labor. Nike further tarnished its reputation by attempting to dilute information that had come to the attention of the general public regarding its practices, resulting in a lawsuit. Mike Kasky is suing Nike, Inc. Under California laws regulating unfair competition and false advertising. Kasky claims that when an internal audit was leaked to the press that revealed illegal employment practices in Nike’s factories in China, Vietnam, and Indonesia, Nike responded by issuing to the press numerous statements it knew to be false. The California courts ruled last year that Nike’s PR effort was meant to bolster its image and improve its sales – so indeed, it did amount to advertising, and, as such, it needed to be truthful. Alternative Solutions Nike must to enforce its own Code of Conduct with its subcontractors. This Code has been amended several times, but had been very general in its listing of business practices. Its current version stipulates many requirements that we take for granted, one of which is that a subcontractor certifies that it pays at least the minimum total compensation required by local law, including all mandated wages, allowances and benefits. Another option for Nike would be to contract with a U. S. shoe manufacturer. Although the benefit of having its suppliers overseas has been the low prices for the finished goods, Nike would gain an advantage by providing work for the people at home. Made in USA labels are very important to many Americans. Also, the combination of job creation and openness to providing equitable wages and benefits for its workers as required in this country could reduce the uproar about its labor practices, especially among the youth. In addition, Nike could incorporate at least one factory into a tourist attraction, providing visitors with the opportunity to tour the plant, learn the history of the company, and become more familiar with the products Nike produces, thus developing more customer loyalty. A third option for Nike would be to both enforce its Code of Conduct and invest at a high level in the countries where it has factories, and highly advertise those efforts. Regarding to Nike’s web site, since 1997, Nike, with help from several of its key partners, has supported micro-enterprise ventures in Asia, playing a small but significant and direct role in building and expanding the number of locally-owned businesses in mostly rural areas throughout the region. Nike has funded micro loans and provided technical assistance in Thailand, Vietnam and Indonesia, working with the Population and Community Development Association (PDA), Vietnamese Women’s Union and Opportunity International, respectively. The press has given faces to the people who have been affected by Nike’s contractors’ exploitation. Nike must rectify the damages by giving faces to the people who have been affected in a positive way by the loans and other assistance given to the local populations. This, coupled with Nike’s firm stance on the treatment of those making its goods, would help regain its lost positive image. In addition, this option would forge a stronger relationship with the countries where the factories producing Nike’s products are located. It would also help Nike’s subcontractors to entice and retain the best local employees, thus ensuring higher quality products. Selected Solutions to The Problem This change in how Nike will handle its operations has significant drawbacks. Closely adhering to its Code of Conduct will be very expensive for Nike. Nike’s success has been heavily driven by the aggressive stance it has taken on labor costs. In addition, Nike’s subcontractors have used the freedom given to them to provide Nike the labor expense level they expect while also allowing themselves to profit as well. Nike will now be monitoring their subcontractors’ workplaces and wage practices, which will place a strain on their relationship. This new focus for Nike will require the company to divert some of its attention from its main marketing focus to supervise the overseas operations. Expected Results An immediate benefit of this decision would be the good press it would generate that Nike would be willing to put pressure on its suppliers so that the people who produce its goods are treated fairly. Another benefit would be to align Nike’s suppliers’ actions with Nike’s vision as listed on its web site www. nike. com to bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete in the world†. This would include those employed by Nike because the company considers all people to be athletes. A third benefit would be to prevent work stoppage strikes that had previously affected the company in Indonesia. Positive and Negative Results This option would require Nike to make a major shift in its focus from having a limited, long-distance relationship with subcontractors to playing a more active role in the manufacture of its products due to the proximity of its suppliers. This significant change in how Nike does business would be very expensive, both in terms of the financial outlay and use of personnel. It would require a more direct involvement of the company in a portion of the business in which it has no first-hand experience, which would entail a considerable learning curve. This would result in major upheaval for the company, and a loss of confidence by investors. Nike would also lose the competitive edge of its competitors who have lower foreign wages. To reinstate the Nike image back to its earlier prominence, Nike would be wise to pursue the option to enforce its Code of Conduct, and invest in the countries in which its factories are located. The Code of Conduct should require unannounced audits of Nike’s factories at random, frequent time intervals to ensure compliance to rules and regulations. Equipment should be inspected to meet higher safety standards than would be required in the host country. For example, if the factory is located in Indonesia, the equipment should be inspected to be compliant to United States’ Occupational Safety and Health Association (OSHA) safety standards. Doing so is above-and-beyond what may be considered reasonable† and should shed positive light on Nike’s effort. In addition, hiring documentation should be verified in the audits to assure that workers are of the appropriate age, and that children are not placed into the workforce. Subcontractors would be trained in cultural awareness and required to maintain consistent and reasonable management practices. This approach would be expensive for Nike. The company will also have to expend more energy to both monitor the manufacturing facilities and determine which small businesses to support, diverting its attention from the company’s primary focus of marketing its products and making a profit. In addition, making investments in other countries will help Nike relate in more personal ways to their local environments. This will make it more difficult for Nike to direct its subcontractors to move to another country when local labor wages have become too expensive. However, there would probably be no lack of interest if movement to new countries became necessary with Nike’s products so well known. It would ultimately hinder the company’s ability to be competitive with the other shoe manufacturers who use Indonesian labor.

Waitress Job Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Waitress Job - Essay Example Waitress is one of the oldest jobs in the catering industry. Though it has little history that can be attached to the development of the job, it has definitely undergone dramatic changes in the past to emerge as it is today. In this regard a waitress is basically involved in serving other people. As a waiter you understand that your duty is to ensure that you serve the needs of the customers. There are many tasks that a waiter is involved in while serving customers. It is the duty of a waiter to ensure that customer gets all what thy want while in the hall. This will vary from serving them with foods and drinks and other items that they require.I work for Jericho Terrace on Jericho turnpike in New York. This company operates in the catering industry where it offers services like weddings and other functional catering. The company has been in the business for number of years and has been able to cut a niche in the market. it has become a leading catering complain in New York offering service to a wide range of customers especially for wedding and other functions like end of year company parties and others. It is a part of the large hospitality industry which has been one of the rapidly growing sectors in the world fuelled by the increasing changes that have been taking place in the social life and increased demand of superior services in the market that meets the needs of the consumers.Waitress has been one of the pillars of the growth of the business since they directly determine the level of customer satisfaction. The survival of any business in the industry depends on the way in which it can meet the demands of the consumers in the sense that it have to serve the needs on the consumers and in a way that they need to be served. Therefore waitress who is in direct contact with consumers makes a lot of contribution in the way the customers will rate the services of the company and therefore how they will choose or recommend the company to another client in the f uture. Though not considered important as such, waitress is the most valuable assets that any catering business holds and which helps the business to move forward in the correct direction. History of the of the industry The modern catering industry has along history of development having evolved from the food industry in the early days. Catering industry has been developed in the last century but its history can be traced to many years ago and since the evolution of business. It is one of the most complex industries of all times. Food industry has been one of the growing industries in the world and has made a lot of contribution to the development of wealth in the USA. Since the development of agrarian practices in the world, there have been increased culinary practices although most of it was practiced in homes. But in the since the turn of the century, there was the development of commercial catering in which food was produced purposely for sale. Catering industry has been there but some of the development in the modern catering has only taken place in the recent past. While we may associate chefs and the culinary world with hotels, we should understand that restaurants and other catering have developed in the recent past. For the better part of our history, food preparation was centered in homes and on feasts and celebrations especially for kings or for other occasion. In America particularly, catering industry is still young and started its development only after the Second World War. It was only after the war that companies which had previously supplied foods in the world war began thinking of an innovative way to continue with their services. As the economy started to boom immediately after the war, there was increased demand of catering service in America and it is from there that these companies found a niche in the market. This was like a revolution as services which have been previously preserved for the rich and the wealthier suddenly became open to all people and there was a rapid rise

Derivatives Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Derivatives Markets - Essay Example We have already given examples of stock options in an earlier section; we now move on to index options. Stock market indices are well known, not only in the investment community but also among many individuals who are not even directly investing in the market. Because a stock index is just an artificial portfolio of stocks, it is reasonable to expect that one could create an option on a stock index. Indeed, we have already covered forward and futures contracts on stock indices; options are no more difficult in structure. For example, consider options on the S&P 500 Index, which trade on the Chicago Board Options Exchange and have a designated index contract multiplier of 100. On 13 June of a given year the S&P 500 closed at $1241.6. A call option with an exercise price of $1250 expiring on 20 July was selling for $28. The option is European style and settles in cash. The underlying is treated as it was a share of stock worth $1241.6, which can be bought, using a call option, for $1250 on 20 July. At expiration if the option is in the money, the buyer exercises it and the writer pay the buyer the $250 contract the multiplier times the difference between the index value at expiration and $1250. In the United States, there are also options on the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the NASDAQ, and various other indices. There are nearly always options on the best-known stock indices in most countries. Just as there are options on stocks, there are also options on bonds. Interest rate options An interest rate option is an option in which the underlying is an interest rate. It has an exercise rate or strike rate, which is expressed on an order of magnitude of an interest rate. At expiration the option payoff is based on the difference between the underlying rate in the market and the exercise rate. Example: Consider an option expiring in 90 days on 180 day LIBOR. The option buyer specifies whatever exercise rate he desires. Let us say he chooses an exercise rate of 5.5 percent and a notional principle of $10 million. Now let us move to the expiration day. Suppose 180 day LIBOR is 6%. Then the call option in-the-money. The pay off to the holder is $10000000(0.06-0.55) (180/360) =$25000 BOND OPTIONS Options on bonds usually called bond options are primarily traded in the over the counter markets. Options exchanges have attempted to generate interest in options on bonds, but have not been very successful. Corporate bonds are not very actively traded most are purchased and held to expiration. Government bonds, however, are very actively traded nevertheless; options on them have not gained widespread acceptance on options exchanges. Options exchanges generate much of their trading volume from individual investors, who have far more interest in and understanding of stocks than bonds. Thus, bond options are found almost exclusively in the over-the-counter market and are almost on government bonds. Consider for example, a U.S. Treasury bond maturing in 27 years. The bond has a coupon of 5.50 percent, a yield of 5.75 percent, and is selling for $0.9659 per $1 par.

Can Advertisers Catch Your Attention Research Paper

Can Advertisers Catch Your Attention - Research Paper Example It will further explain why the advertisement did a good job in convincing the target market into taking action and suggest other ways the advertisers could get the target market’s attention. The Brand The anti-obesity theme in the â€Å"coming together† campaign by Coca-Cola is attention-catching as it touches on a sensitive issue in the American community and, indeed, worldwide. The corporate branding that runs for two minutes was well thought, planned and executed. Most consumers react favorably when advertisers communicate with them with respect and intelligence (Statt, 1977). It marked a strategic and successful shift from the traditional humorous and dreamy approach consumers have long associated with the brand. â€Å"Coming together† applies serious commentary to a similarly serious matter in America, and its authenticity is acknowledged and appreciated in the responses received from consumers. The advertisement shows that the brand is evolving with times, innovating constantly to meet the dynamic needs and wants of consumers. The Target Group The advertisement is designed to appeal to a diverse target group. Looking at it from the perspective of female consumers aged between 21 and 35, one appreciates the fact that the brand has tackled the menace of obesity in a sincere and straightforward manner. For male consumers in the same age bracket, they get a feeling that the brand cares for its consumers’ health in America and around the world. For consumers aged 50 and above, â€Å"coming together† shows, in a very educational way, that change can be achieved if all people work together, exhibiting a sense of corporate responsibility by the brand. The advertisement has the power to take a consumer through the process of creating awareness, imparting product knowledge and develop a liking that leads to purchase. Effectiveness of the Advertisement â€Å"Coming together† was effective in convincing the consumers to take action by using a theme that emphasizes sensible choices in a bid to meet calorie and nutritional needs of individuals. All stakeholders must collaborate to have workable solutions to the obesity problem. Awareness is created among consumers that all beverages and foods have a belonging in a sensible and balanced diet, accompanied by physical activity. The informative nature of the advertisement provides consumers with more options that facilitate informed decisions. The brands collaboration with the Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the Department of Health and Human Services shows the level of seriousness invested into bringing quality and healthy products for human consumption, which is easily an attraction to most consumers (Stuart, 2012). Alternative Way for Advertisers to get Attention Another way advertisers could get consumers’ attention would be to segment the market and target different groups through different media. For example, the older generation i s known to have a preference for the print media. Therefore, advertisements in the real estate or stock markets would generally reach them through newspapers or magazines. On the other hand, the younger generation spends a considerable amount of their time online, therefore, web based advertisements can easily get their attention. A survey showed that 42 percent of college students in America watch TV or listen to radio online

Marketing trend (Internet and online marketing) Assignment

Marketing trend (Internet and online marketing) - Assignment Example It will also discuss how these online marketing trends effects on the consumer buying process and its relevant impacts. There are several online marketing trends in the business world. Some of the most common trends include deals and rewards, mobile push marketing, mobile pull marketing, proximity marketing, local online marketing, globalization and three-screen marketing among others (Caroline, 2004). The buying behavior of consumers is acknowledged as a contemporary topic in online marketing. This is because the e-marketers usually focus on the influence they have on their marketing efforts and web experience. Furthermore, the e-marketers are supposed to understand their role in shaping up the virtual experience of their customers (Caroline, 2004). Business experts point out that the most crucial step in online marketing involves the capability of having the maximum impact on the internet users. The buying process of the consumers is also described as a learning procedure which involves decision making and processing the required information. The internet has drastically affected and changed the buying process as numerous products continue to be advertized through the internet (Whitehead, 2009). Marketers should, therefore, try to understand the internet and how they might use it to their advantage to increase sells, as well as buying decisions. These days, a majority of consumers do not follow the customary purchasing route of going out to shop for their products (Whitehead, 2009). The purchasing route was a significant guideline to marketers on how to plan their proceedings. A purchasing channel was the trend for many years, and then came the internet. In the purchasing channel, consumers started with the potential brands and then singled down to the most the product with great quality. Back in the days, the purchasing channel sounded logical to both the marketers and consumers. It was a proper way of locating the product that a person

Compare one of the two indian captivity narratives, of either mary Essay

Compare one of the two indian captivity narratives, of either mary rowlandson or mary jemison with the film the searchers - Essay Example The story begins when the Jemison was kidnapped from outside her home in Pennsylvania. She did not speak for several days, and the first time she uttered a word, she said â€Å"I want to die† (Jemison 13). After arriving at Fort Duquesne, she again spoke only to tell her captors her name (Jemison 21). However, in the course of her silence, Jemison slowly began to accept the Seneca culture. She began speaking in Seneca language and comforted two sisters who lost their brother in a combat against the English (Jemison 25-6). The two small events started her immersion in the tribe’s culture, and it was even furthered by her marriage to a Delaware member, Sheninjee. She built a family with her spouse, and even before her son Thomas was born, she is almost completely immersed in the Indian-American culture (Jemison 31). She felt contented with her life there, and even when she was widowed, she pursued a second marriage within the tribe, even proclaiming to an escaped slave th at she is â€Å"one of the Indians and she is a Seneca† (Jemison 44).

Benefits that are associated with good growth Essay

Benefits that are associated with good growth - Essay Example This essay discusses that once the living standards decline or stagnate, there is little or no progress at all in most societies toward any of the aforementioned goals, this leads to retrogression in many instances. The importance of good economic growth cannot therefore be overlooked as it ensures standards of living are improved as well as the well being of the economy itself. The impacts of economic growth should not necessary be negative towards the environment. It has been argued by some economist that economic growth can ultimately lead to environmental improvement, notwithstanding the increase in environmental degradation in the past associated with economic growth. As Robert Reich puts it, economic growth does not necessarily mean production of a lot of stuff, but rather, it is all about the nation’s ability to produce everything that the inhabitants of that nation want and need, which include improvement of public health, schools, as well as effective management of en vironment. This statement is validated by the argument advanced by Friedman to states that even though there is a wide belief that a bigger GDP ( availability of more services and goods) show the way to more satisfied and happier citizens, the proposition is more complicated than it seem. According to him, most individuals do judge their well being through weighing themselves against other people. For this reason, in the event that the average income of a given country increases the expectations of the people also go up. Consequently, the levels of GDP taken alone per individual in a particular nation, does not essentially give a clear reflection of the level of happiness among the citizens. The absence of a direct connection between the levels of GDP per individual in a given country and individual satisfaction seems to challenge the purely economic point of view in support of growth. This raises the question as to the veracity of people having to go through all the turmoil of econ omic restructuring as well as technological change while, the availability of bigger homes and more gadgets are not going to make people happier It has been the contention of other economist economic growth is good and important as people get to see their own earning increasing, and they do not have to worry about comparing themselves with others. Eventually, that state generates a more conducive environment for both social and political advancement in a given country. As pointed out earlier, economic growth does not necessarily have to go hand in hand with environmental degradation; as a matter of fact growth can be a very vital tool in controlling and managing environmental degradation as pointed out by Robert Reich. According to Dinda (2005), contrary to most people beliefs, continues economic growth can be the best means through which environmental degradation can be addressed. This can only be done by developing a mechanism that defines the relationship between income generated and environmental degradation. As Dinda (2005) puts it, when a particular country attains a satisfactorily high living standard, the citizens of such countries attach more importance to environmental facilities around them. To put it more simply, the more people become wealthier, the more time they will have to consider other things as opposed to the poor people who only think about basic survival. The wealthy on the other hand, will have more time to think about being more richer and environmental conditions. Since they do have significant influence, they are capable of influencing the local and national government to look into the issue of environmental improvement. Study shows that, even though during the early stages of economic growth there

City reader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

City reader - Essay Example In the join messages by Harvey and Engels, these divisions are said to be made as impacts of the industrialist budgetary schema. As both Patel and Engels will uncover to us underneath, the methodology of urbanization has totally schewed conclusions and effects for differing social get-togethers, and this in like manner demonstrates spatially. It is likely that urban extents populated by belittled tenants will bear the brunt of negative natural change, despite the fact that other, better-off parts of urban groups will acknowledge advancement. Engels was especially charmed by the negative conclusions that copied urbanization in the 1800s. In Manchester, where his recognitions happened, the built environment of the city clearly signified as far as possible and transformed into a picture on the poorer life states of the working populace who were: "distinctly separated from the sections of the city held from the middleclass. The working populace districts were set along the highroad, with the objective that it was concealed to the regular. This physical disconnection of living plan makes it clear, that structures and developed environment shows social points of confinement. Be that as it may most foremost, the working population comfort conditions are a result of the free venture drive for surplus by the landowners. The author shows an exchange Marxists account, and further discusses the issue of cabin and settlement for the working populace in association with class fight and private undertaking. As expressed by him, the agglomeration of handling in urban regions all around industrialization included an enthusiasm for comfort for the working populace. As a response to that, two "techniques" in order to give settlement were associated by the normal: One was suburbanization; that is dispersal to provincial extends outside the urban groups, underpinned by terrible transportation structures. An exchange was an

Dead Poets Society - Belonging Essay Example for Free

Dead Poets Society Belonging Essay I have written some introductory paragraphs for you if you are thinking about using the film Dead Poets Society as a related text. You will need to include a paragraph that examines TWO scenes, with film techniques, and discuss how the concept of Belonging is explored in these scenes if you wish to use this text Q The challenge to belong may be resisted or embraced. The challenge to belong may be resisted or embraced and this concept is explored in detail in Peter Weir’s film, Dead Poets Society. In this film we go on a journey with the student body of Welton Academy, an exclusive private school, and English teacher John Keating as they re-form the Dead Poets Society in the hope of exloring their own dreams. Eventually though, this act is seen as defying the honour code of belonging to the school and as the boys choose to embrace their individuality they are met with tragic consequences. The â€Å"four pillars† of Welton are established in the beginning of the film and this sets the tone for the expectations of the Welton community. In the opening scenes the headmaster praises the school, its tradition and its performance and the audience is left with no doubt that to belong to Welton means to unquestioningly abide by the â€Å"four pillars† tradition, honour and discipline. To do so, as the rest of the film goes on to show, means to conform at the expense of any individual passions or pursuits, success is measured by adhering to the group expectations rather than individual goals. John Keating does not belong at Welton, not just because of his progressive teaching methods, but because he encourages boys to think and act for themselves, to change, not to conform. He incites them to take risks and break rules in pursuit of individual pleasures. The theme of resisting the challenge to belong is most sharply focused on the relationship between Neil and his father.

Vanessas Maturing Process Theme Of Entrapment English Literature Essay

Vanessas Maturing Process Theme Of Entrapment English Literature Essay The theme of entrapment is a dominant theme in Margaret Laurences A Bird in the House. This is the theme that the author uses to shape most of his characters in the literary work. Vanessa Macleod is a protagonist in this story growing as the environment around her suggests. Margaret takes a Vanessa into an observational status where she would monitor activities around her. This would in turn affect her tremendously as she grows up. At the beginning, Vanessa is only twelve and the story tells of her growth till marriage with Chris. Margaret suggests to the reader that a person is changed significantly from his or her associations with the surrounding. As the story glides on the reader sees the many forms that Vanessa assumes in a bid to attain personal freedom. It is a quest for personal freedom although no character in the work attains it. This whole nature affects the way in which Vanessa grows. Remembrance Day is the story that starts at the beginning of the Margaret literary work. Vanessa is a teenager being influenced so much by hormonal changes in the body. En route to the church she observes the nature in which her father is in. According to her she felt pity for him although she did not really understand why this should be the case. As she was taught heaven is a beautiful place, probably, hence people should enjoy in the passing of their loved one. This is not the case and the imagination makes her engage her father into a conversation; I wondered what he believed in. I did not have any real idea what it might be. It is the nature of inquisitiveness of teenager children. Her father answers some questions that she asks him but they are not satisfactory, another demonstration of curiosity. It is easily seen how observable Vanessa is; He was frowning deeply and I could see the pulse in his temple à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ When he raised his head, he did not look uplifted or anything like that. He merely looked tired. This is the observation status that Margaret puts her protagonist in the play. This characteristic will be evident all through the discussion because it is the property that makes Vanessa make choices. The past affects the future as brought out in this play. They are written as reflections or discussions in the play. At the time when Vanessa discussed religion with her father, she would not understand his answer. Later he passed away from a short illness and while she was passing through her fathers belongings she came across a love letter and picture of a young French woman pp 107. Five years down the line she had grieved her father missing the companionship but is ignited by a single discovery that brings her fathers memories with nostalgia. It is at this moment that she understands that the past still lingers in the present. Imagination also plays an important role in Vanessas life and journey to growth. She was not going to participate in the activities of Remembrance Day owing to the fact that she despised military men. She did not understand the meaning of the day not until she had a brief epiphany of what death really is. He came to understand the meaning of this day by imagining what his dad felt while he watched his brother fade away in his death. Moreover the day too was important to her grandmother and by imagination she understood the pain of a mother. It was real when she lost her father. Vanessa learned the importance of the day when she found the love letter. The reflections of the past bring about moments of truth when the departed dwelt among their loved ones. Again she learns from the past and how the past affects the future. It is her journey towards maturity. It is also important to point out the relationships that Vanessa has. Some are distant without direct associations, while some are observational and others are interactive. In addition there is that solitary part which is marked by realizations and reflection, devoid of relationship. There are plenty of examples of these four categories of relationship. In Social Learning Theory of psychology studies, there are references of child growth in cognitive abilities through relationship hence the name social. In this breathe a great deal of learning that brings about maturity in Vanessa is through relationship. Some lessons are learned earlier while others are learned immediately the relationship hits a rock bottom. The latter is the most common in Margaret Laurence book. Vanessa greatly learns from consequences rather than having the intelligence to postulate in the future the results of certain actions. As seen with the relationship with Chris, Vanessa harbors important information that is crucial to her boyfriend; Chris was twenty-one. The distance between them was still too great. For years she had wanted to be older so she might talk with him, but now she felt unready pp. 140. Day in day out she tries to figure out how to communicate with Chris. All is late when Chris is admitted to a mental hospital. From this she learns the necessity to be open when she regrets having kept secret this information from Chris. She blames herself of Chris deterioration in health. It is the communication between partners that keeps relationship work out, a good lesson she learns. Grandfather Conner is a perfectionist but they had a distant relationship with Vanessa. There was no close contact between the two. However, through observation Vanessa was able to attain knowledge on the importance of being perfect. It is entrapment in discussion but learning from a distance. She understands this during t he sale of the brick house; She wanted to tell the new owners of the Brick house to trim their hedges, to repaint the window frames, to pay heed to repairs. She had feared and fought, yet he proclaimed himself in her veins pp. 191. Another aspect that contributes very much to her growth is the escape she has to reality. She exhibits resistance to a number of things in the story. At a tender age she attended the church just as her parents required. However at the time she was already curious of what she wanted to do with her life. As a result it is evident that she is always in conflict with her relatives. The interesting part is how she dealt with the resistance. Instead of showing it clearly, she actually blocked everything out. It is an attempt to independence. In particular during Sunday school lessons, she conceived stories in her mind with her as the main characters but without meaning; I was prepared, for the question was the same each week. I rarely listened in Sunday school, finding it more entertaining to compose in my head stories of spectacular heroism in which I figured as a central character, so I never knew what the text had been.. However, they were very important in passing time. In one way Vanessa knew what was important to him. She was interested only with certain things but ignorant of unimportant and uninteresting things. This way she was able to lean on a sided kind of growth and maturity. This form of resistance does not stop there. After her fathers death they move to the brick house where they lived with her grandfather. Occasionally she would get busy writing exaggerated adventure stories as a means to fulfill her thirst for personal freedom; I wanted only to be by myself with no one else around. She was so insecure to live on her own since the brick house represents strength where she may turn to. Even when Nanuk presents her with a relationship offer, she is still reluctant to be with him. In general Vanessas journey to maturity is an amalgamated package of life experiences with those who she came in contact with. Her relationship with her father made her indecisive in many occasions. Her father was indecisive as seen from the conversation he has with her daughter Vanessa. When asked about his thoughts about heaven, he gives thoughtless answers which affect Vanessa quite a bit. Down the line in her life, Vanessa meets with Chris. She is in a state of making a decision that is supposed to affect her life. However, she is unable to make the final decision whether to talk to Chris or not. Consequently, Chris is admitted in a mental institution. Her grandfather, Conner is a firm person and a perfectionist. He used to talk with a firm voice, raised all the time in a bid to make everything perfect. On the contrary he was able to analyze situations and make firm decisions about them. When Nanuk wanted to date Vanessa, he would constantly tell her that he was not fit for her. He stood with this decision till the end. Clearly Vanessa learned from her grandfather. When they left the brick house for new owners, she gave instructions on how to maintain the windows and hedges perfectly as they were. She reacted in a manner that her grandfather would. At another instant while talking to her brother, she engages in a conversation on how to name her dog. At one point she realizes her grandfathers voice echoes in her voice. When they moved to the brick house after the death of her father, Vanessa met her aunties who were soft spoken and humble. They had a loving character just like her mother. She immediately took their side and became humble, predictable and loving. In fact the story symbolizes her as a birch of logs in the basement. She is also similar to her mother. In the work it was evident that after a quarrel her mother and aunt would go in the kitchen and speak in whispers. In actual sense they would worry perpetually. This trait was adopted by Vanessa who would go about her worrying ways whisperi ng in inaudible undertones. Her grandfather also influences her in a number of ways. While she dated Nanuk, Conner would constantly resent him since according to him he was not to be trusted. In one way these were pointers thrown in here and there by grandpa. Although she loved him, she was taught not to follow love only in a person but to search for better qualities. They turned her into a self reflecting person who would ask rhetoric questions within, just to have better understanding of relationships. It was evident with Chris. In conclusion her journey to adulthood is one that is marked by influences through relationships between her and her immediate people who would throw pointers here and there for her. They nurtured her to what she became in adulthood. Work Cited: Laurence Margaret. A Bird in the House. Berlin: McClelland Stewart,2010.

Macbeth and Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym Essay example -- comparison

Similarities between Macbeth, of Shakespeare's Macbeth, and Augustus,  of Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym In literature, when the natural order becomes skewed, a character may die to restore order.   Often, there is a savior who sacrifices his or her life so that other characters might live.   In "Macbeth," after the king is assassinated, the balance is disturbed.   "The night has been unruly: where we lay, Our chimneys were blown down; and, as they say,   Lamentings heard I'th'air; strange screams of death, And, prophesying with accents terrible Of dire combustion, and confus'd events, New hatch'd to th' woeful time, the obscure bird Clamour'd the livelong night: some say, the earth Was feverous, and did shake." (Act II/ Scene III/ lines 53-60).   The king and rightful ruler of England was murdered and replaced by a dishonest, evil man who had no right to the throne.   Because the order in the world was disturbed, nature will continue to wreak havoc until Macbeth dies.   Lady Macduff explains to her son that a traitor is "one that swears and lies.   Every one that does s o is a traitor, and must be hang'd." (Act IV/ Scene II/ lines 46, 48-49).   Because he is a traitor to his country, Macbeth must die.   In The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym, Augustus is the savior.   Augustus acts as a savior twice in the story when he sacrifices himself after a mutiny and an act of cannibalism have taken place.   Through his death, Arthur and Dirk Peters will survive a mutiny and the destruction of their ship.    Augustus first saves his friends after a mutiny has occurred on his father's boat.   After hiding his friend, Arthur, on board their boat, Augustus and his father set sail from Nantucket.   The plan was to hide Arthur on the ship for a few da... ...ceptible, and the skin of his cheeks hung so loosely as to prevent his masticating any food, or even swallowing any liquid, without great difficulty†¦. About twelve o'clock he expired in strong convulsions, and without having spoken for several hours."(Poe, 342-343).   Because he was the savior, Augustus gave his own life in order to restore the balance and order of the world.    Like Macbeth, Augustus is the savior in The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym.   One or more characters have disrupted the schedule and patterns in which nature operates.   The savior is the character or characters who sacrifice their lives in order to return nature to her regular order.    Works Cited Poe, Edgar A. Poe Selected Tales. Ed. Diane Johnson. New York: Literary Classics, 1991. Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. Ed. Kenneth Muir. Ontario: Thomas Nelson & Sons Ltd., 1997.   

How has the Media Impacted the Presidency? Essay -- Essays Papers

How has the Media Impacted the Presidency? Currently, the office of the United States Presidency is one of the most powerful positions in the world. The President has the power to influence Congress, the nation and the free world. However, the US Media, which is also the freest and most powerful press, has had control over the presidency. The advent of CNN, ABC, NBC and others has had the effect of being able to sway the population of the United States, either garnering support for a president or destroying his credibility. The media has permitted the spread of information, allowing the people to take a more active role in politics making the general will better known, but it has also made politicians and the public hostage to the ideas and opinions of reporters, who are often only after a gripping story and a large profit. The media has the power to sway the American public by reporting favorably or with disfavor on a candidate, thus making a presidential candidate the prisoner of entertainment companies. Thus it could be s aid that the American people lose their ability to truly know a candidate because of the media. Instead they vote according to what they are told by major publications rather than what they believe. In this paper, I will explore whether the Media is a valuable resource or a does it have an undue influence over the President and the American public? The media is a powerful resource for the Presidency and for the people of the United States. Justice Frankfurter, of the Supreme Court, said â€Å"A free press is indispensable to the workings of our democratic society.† He says that the American people need the media to be informed about government workings, foreign affairs, and events of importance. Without this... ...tised by the press corp. When that becomes extreme and debates become scripted and rehearsed, ideas, free thought and expression are once again stifled. Thus, the press has a great power, but also a responsibility to use it correctly to inform the public without thought to partisanship, bias or with the idea of swaying the general will. Works Cited - 2004 Debates Contract. Fox News Network. 1 October 2004 http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,133975,00.html - News Hour with Jim Lehrer. Public Broadcasting Station. 19 September 2004 http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/white_house/july-dec98/presidency_8-13.html - The Media and Politics. Beyond Books. 19 September 2004 http://www.beyondbooks.com/gop00/4.asp - â€Å"US Presidency and Television.† Museum Archives Online 2004. http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/U/htmlU/uspresiden/uspresiden.htm

Comparing Poe’s Fall of the House of Usher and Taylor’s Venus, Cupid, F

Edgar Allan Poe’s The Fall of the House of Usher and Peter Taylor’s Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time Various authors develop their stories using gothic themes and characterizations of this type to lay the foundation for their desired reader response. Although Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† and Peter Taylor’s â€Å"Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time† are two completely different narratives, both of these stories share a commonality of gothic text representations. The stories take slightly different paths, with Poe’s signifying traditional gothic literature and Taylor approaching his story in a more contemporary manner. Gothic texts are typically characterized by a horrifying and haunting mood, in a world of isolation and despair. Most stories also include some type of supernatural events and/or superstitious aspects. Specifically, vampires, villains, heroes and heroines, and mysterious architecture are standard in a gothic text. Depending upon the author, a gothic text can also take on violent and grotesque attributes. As an overall outlook, â€Å"gothic literature is an outlet for the ancient fears of humanity in an age of reason† (Sacred-Texts). Following closely to this type of literature, Edgar Allan Poe uses a gloomy setting, isolation, and supernatural occurrences throughout â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher†. From the onset of the story, it is apparent that Poe is employing a gothic theme upon his work. The narrator’s portrayal of the home of his longtime friend, Roderick Usher was as follows, â€Å"I looked upon the scene before me – upon the bleak walls – upon the vacant eye-like windows – upon a few rank sedges – and upon a few white trunks of decayed trees† (Poe, 75). T... ... Poe’s â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher†, they both can be classified collectively under gothic literature. In other words, although these stories exhibit two completely different plots, it has been found that they have matching frameworks. Works Cited Bronzino, Agnolo. Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time. 27 Mar. 2003 arthp/bio/b/bronzino/biograph.html>. Oates, Joyce Carol. â€Å"Realism of Distance, Realism of Immediacy [Review of The Collected Stories]. Critical Essays on Peter Taylor. Ed. Hubert H. McAlexander. New York: G. K. Hall & Company, 1993. Sacred-Texts: Gothic. 3 Apr 2003 . Taylor, Peter. â€Å"Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time†. The Literature of the American South: A Norton Anthology. Ed. William L. Andrews. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1998. PID 8308 1 Marlow Engl. 12 Sect. 24

Causation of Crime Essay

The two theories I chose to compare and contrast are the Trait and Choice theories. These two theories explain why people commit crimes but differ in reasoning. I found that the main difference in between the two is that the choice theory states that if people want to commit a crime they will if the benefits outweighs the punishment. The trait theory differs because it deals with testosterone and whether or not people with lower IQ’s are more liable to commit crimes. When looking at the two theories you will see that the first theory is more straightforward and the second one leans more towards taking the blame away from the individual and placing it their traits. I like the fact that the choice theory states that if a person is going to commit a crime they are going to do it. Not only does this theory cover the fact that the person committing the crime weighs his or her options but might also do it out of enjoyment of act. The trait theory takes the responsibility away from the individual and places it on traits such as testosterone. I feel that this theory allows people to commit crimes and later on say that it was due to producing too much testosterone or use their IQ as an excuse to escape the fact that they committed a crime. Making the person accept responsibility for their actions it what should happen and the choice theory seems to lean more towards that as opposed to the trait theory. I would associate the guns and crime trend to the choice theory. The reason for this is because most people who commit crimes with guns already have the intention to use it. This means that they already made up their minds and have chosen to commit the crime. For instance gang crimes that involve guns, these individuals use guns, in their minds, to gain territory or even for retaliation. In a ten year span that covers 1997 -2007 there were 650 homicides (Krueger, 2007), this means that 650 times the people have made the conscious choice to kill someone. Out of those numbers, 290 of them have been by shootings (Krueger, 2007). That is some real food for thought when you add the choice theory into the equation. Gutierrez, K. (2007). Albuquerque metro area saw 54 homicides in 2007. Scripps Newspaper Group. Retrieved from: http://www.abqtrib.com

APOL 104 Worldview Essay

â€Å"A worldview is your philosophy of life. It is the framework you bring to decision-making† (Weider & Gutierrez, 2011, p.69). How we view the world leads us to our destination. II.1. The question of origin- Where do we come from? Christians believe that we were created by the one and only sovereign God (Genesis 1:27). The Christian worldview says that God created the world and everything in it within a six day period where on the sixth day God created one man and one woman from which the past and present global population has originated (Genesis 1:28). 2. The question of identity-What does it mean to be human? The Christian worldview accepts that we are a unique creation of God. Christians believe that man was made in the likeness of God (Genesis 1:27) and then given the authority over all of the earth (Genesis 1:28-30). God intended that man would care for both the livestock and plant life, and both livestock and plant life were given to man to be used as a food source. 3. The question of meaning/purpose- Why Does mankind exist? Christians believe that mankind exists to glorify the creator. This is accomplished through a wide variety of efforts and means. Some of these efforts include worship, (Psalm 95) obedience, (Philippians 2:12-13) prayer, and thanksgiving. The object of these efforts is to establish a personal relationship with God. The end result of the relationship being eternal life where the individual pleasures in God’s immeasurable glory for eternity. 4. The question of morality -What is meant by right and wrong? The Christian worldview cites that morality is derived from the person of God. Specifically God provided mankind with law to establish a baseline for morality (Exodus 20). Morality was not left for man to determine, but was established by God. Mankind has rejected God’s law of morality and so this is in need of salvation from God’s judgment (Romans 3:23) 5. The question of destiny- Is there life after death? Christians believe after death the soul will eternally go to one of two places, with God in heaven or separated from God in Hell. The Christian worldview maintains that both heaven and hell are not figurative, but literal places. In order for one to go to Heaven one must be justified and sanctified. Justification is completed through an individual’s belief in the life, death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus Christ as the Son of God and trust that Jesus’ sacrifice was sufficient atonement for one’s sin (John 3:16). Sanctification is carried out daily through a personal relationship with Jesus; the product of which is repentance from sin and obedience to God’s standards of morality ultimately resulting in the soul’s eternal residence in Heaven (Matthew 25:23) III.1. The way the biblical worldview influences the way that I think about, treat, and speak to others on a daily basis comes from being able to accept everyone for who they are. It is easy for the flesh to pass judgment, but I always try to hold each person in the eyes of our Lord. I do not want to be judged or spoken down too therefore I will not act that way towards others. Our biblical worldview can reflect a huge impact on others. 2. The way the biblical worldview influences the way I treat/interact with the environment and non-human creation is based on how God took the time to create every single thing on this planet. I want to take care of His earth, His creation just as He expects me too. We were given authority over the earth, so I will obey. â€Å"God is the source of all that is good, and His goodness can be seen in the beauty of His creation† (Weider & Gutierrez, 2011, p.75). For mankind to harm His creation would be the same as if I bake a cake and then someone comes along and just dumps it in the floor.

Eating habit Essay

Abstract This report investigates eating habits among students according to their first meal of the day, plant food intake and amount of junk food they eat. This research was carried out through a questionnaire containing 11 questions related to all the sub-topics mentioned above. The sample was 30 students, males and females from different countries. Content 1. Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Scope 1.3 Aim 1.4 Hypothesis 2. Methodology 3. Results 4. Conclusion 5. Recommendation 6. Bibliography 7. Appendix 1 Introduction Nowadays, eating healthily has been a significant factor in society due to the health risks brought about by modern society such as obesity, heart disease, high blood pressure-which has always been an issue-no healthy breakfast, lack of fruit and vegetable, eating junk food. Related to main and secondary research, this report will whether students eat healthily or  not. 1.1 Background A survey showed that regular breakfast eaters were more likely to take vitamin or mineral supplements on the day they skipped breakfast. In Australia, less than 10% of adults eat a cooked breakfast, the typical breakfast is based on cereal, bread, milk and fruit (including juice). Furthermore, women were more likely to eat fruit and less likely to eat sugar and honey than men. (Williams.P.G., 2002) Plant food (vegetable and fruit) now are being recognised by more and more health experts as providing important health benefit, including decreased risk of disease such as heart disease, many kinds of cancers and type-2 diabetes. However, the consumption of plant food in many developed countries including Australia, does not meet recommended levels (Lea, Crawford & Worsley, 2006). In term of junk food, which is considered as energy-dense, nutrient-poor food, it not only threatens health but its saturated fat and sugar can also impair one’s memory (Study finds junk food threatens no t just health but also memory, 2013).Today a lot of advertisements about junk food can be seen on TV. A survey of more than 12,000 teenagers has found that the greater the exposure to advertisements for unhealthy food, the more teens asked for and bought it (fast food ads influence teens eating habits, 2011). 1.2 Scope This report is focused on three aspects of the extensive topic â€Å"Are students eating healthily?† The aspects are 1.Eating breakfast, 2.vegetableand fruit in their diet, 3.Junk food (fast food, food with high energy and fat, sugary sodas). Besides, the sample of the research is only 30 people. This is because of time li of students. 1.3 Aim The aim of this report is to find out whether students eat healthily based on their first meal of the day and their daily food choice, which can be described in terms of whether they have healthy breakfast, the mount of vegetable and fruit they eat, and frequency of eating junk food. 1.4 Hypothesis This report predicts that students don’t have healthy eating  habits as the general Australian population. Regarding breakfast, it is believed that most students don’t have healthy breakfast, as they spend a lot of time coming to school. When it comes to food choice, students don’t eat enough fruits and vegetables, but eat too much fast food or sugary sodas. 2 Methodology The way this research project was carried out by a survey. This survey consists of 11 questions and the sample is 30 people who are student from different classes and different nationalities such as Chinese, Vietnamese and Indian. There were totally 21 male and 9 females. 3 Results The aim of the report is to find out whether student eat healthily in term of 1.breakfast, 2.plant food (fruits and vegetables), 3.junk food. 6 Bibliography Fast Food (2011, November 19) .Fast food adds influence teens eating habits, survey finds. Herald Sun. Retrieved from http://www.heraldsun.com.au/archive/news/fast-food-ads-influence-teens-eating-habits-survey-finds/story-fn7x8me2-1226199423435 Lea, EJ., Crawford, D., Worsley, A.(2006).Consumers’ readiness to eat a plant-based diet. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 60, 342–351. William,P.G. (2002).What Australians eat for breakfast: an analysis of data from the 1995 National Nutrition Survey. Australia: Blackwell Study Finds (2013, December 17). Study Finds Junk Food Threatens Not Just Health But Also Memory, International Business Times. Retrieved from http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=5&sid=e38e5356-7a0b-4d8b-87d3-0edc8b074e1c%40sessionmgr110&hid=128&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=bwh&AN=530723.20131217

The Policy of Imperialism

Imperialism is the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, and military control over weaker territories. It’s important because it helped extend our territories over weaker territories. I think imperialism was a proper and legitimate policy, even though it led to some bad outcomes, there were more good outcomes. The three countries that I chose to write about are Cuba, Philippines, and Panama. In Panama, the Panamanians allowed the United States to rent the land needed to build the Panama Canal.The U. S. wanted to build the Panama Canal because they gained control over Puerto Rico and the Philippines. The canal would allow warships to pass between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans without circling South America, making it easier to defend the United States. So the Panama Canal benefits the U. S. by allowing warships to pass between the two oceans, helping the growing trade of Asia, and making it easier to defend the United States. Many Cubans welcomed the presence of U. S. troops to restore stability, law, and order.After Cuba gained independence, President William McKinley set up a U. S. military government to administer the island. The U. S. was also interested in protecting Cuba’s independence because they wanted to restore order, establishing a provisional government. Imperializing Cuba was a good thing because under the U. S. military governor, programs of public works, education, sanitation, court reform, and self-government were instituted. In 1898, the U. S. wanted to take over the Philippines, a Spanish colony.U. S. businesses saw the Philippines as a good source for raw materials as well as a key to new markets for imports and exports. The islands were in a good strategic position for access to the markets of China. McKinley concluded that the best choice was for the U. S. was to â€Å"take and educate the Filipinos, uplift, civilize, and Christianize them. † Even though the Philippines revolted against th e U. S. rule with a three year battle, imperializing the Philippines was a good thing towards America.The imperializing of many new territories, not only Cuba, Philippines and Panama, but for china, Hawaii, Mexico, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic led to many good things for the U. S. and other countries. Take Cuba for an example, the U. S. established a provisional government and many things were instituted. In Panama, the Panama Canal helped defend the U. S. and the growing trade of Asia. The Philippines were a good source for raw materials and the United States saw them as a key for new market imports and exports. Therefore imperialism was a good policy because it led to many good things in America and other nations.

Efficient Market Hypothesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Efficient Market Hypothesis - Essay Example On the other hand, the semi-strong form of efficient market hypothesis assumes that the stock prices fully reflect and represent the public information, mentioning and indicating that the fundamental analysis would not bring the yield of superior risk-adjusted returns. The strong-form of efficient market hypothesis is based on the assumption that the prices of securities reflect both private and public information, highlighting and indicating that the investors would be able to earn higher risk-adjusted returns. But, these three forms of efficient market hypothesis have proved some serious limitations. And these serious limitations proved their existence in the year of 1987 when the event of market crash occurred. Is it possible to rationally explain the causes of the market crash of 1987? Is it appropriate to say that markets were efficient enough to represent the prices of stocks in the required way? But, that was not end of it; rather they continued to be part of the finance histo ry. In the year of 1990, the Internet Bubble totally invalidated the rationale behind the use and application of efficient market hypothesis. On the basis of hindsight, it is clearly evident that the equity valuation, which normally heavily depends on the unpredictable and uncertain future predications, was based on irrationality and irrational and unsupportable claims. After that part, its implications in terms of validity and applicability of this theory would be critically accounted for.... In the year of 1990, the Internet Bubble totally invalidated the rationale behind the use and application of efficient market hypothesis. On the basis of hindsight, it is clearly evident that the equity valuation, which normally heavily depends on the unpredictable and uncertain future predications, was based on irrationality and irrational and unsupportable claims. In the subsequent parts of this piece of work, first the concept and theory of efficient market hypothesis would be clearly explained and highlighted. After that part, its implications in terms of validity and applicability of this theory would be critically accounted for. Definition__________________________________________ An efficient capital market is defined as a capital market in which the current price of a share or stock fully and totally represents and reflects all the stock or share related information, including the information of risk (Schweser, 2004). Furthermore, an informationally efficient capital market i s defined as a capital market in which a price of security or stock rapidly and fast adjusts as soon as a new piece of related information is arrived. This piece of definition of an efficient capital market hypothesis is based on certain assumptions, and they are: First, a considerable number of participants, who are there to increase profit or returns on stocks, tend to understand and analyse and and give value to stocks and securities, and these participants are independent of each other. Second, any piece of new information appears in a capital market in a random fashion; and pieces of information are also announced independent of each other with regard to timing as well. Third, securities and stocks investors and fund managers quickly and rapidly start estimating the prices of

Operation Management about EasyJet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Operation Management about EasyJet - Essay Example EasyJet will be forced to layoff some of its employees after the tremendous drop of passengers seeking its services. The management prefers the government to impose a tax on planes rather than tax passengers. Operation management is caught between maintenance of customers and generation of revenue on one hand, and government taxation on the other (Lewis & Slack, 2003, p64). The third challenge experienced by operation management is the incapability of EasyJet to provide adequate customer satisfaction. This issue is evident when the customer wants to present a complaint to the airline’s management. At EasyJet operation management does not have enough staffs to handle customer complaints, even though; they have enough staffs to handle booking and payment services. Hiring more staffs mean allocating more resources to pay these staffs, which EasyJet cannot afford (Peters, 2011, p12). A number of customers have expressed the criticism that booking and paying for services are easier than issuing out a complaint. This fact is detrimental to the organization’s success in that it can lose out on its customers, who are important for its survival and success (Lewis & Slack, 2003, p321). The fourth factor that is commonly experienced as a challenge in operating management at EasyJet is the dynamic airline industry. The industry is dynamic in that there are numerous technological advancements and regular fluctuation of flight prices. It is advantageous for organizations to be advanced technologically. Swift adaptation to technological changes taking place in the airline industry at times is a problem to EasyJet (Peters, 2011, p6). This is as a result of a lot of resources needed in acquiring a more recent technology, which can be in terms of acquiring the latest... Operation management is essential to a company’s success or survival in the industry. However, this aspect is bound to come across various challenges, which inhibit its capabilities. EasyJet, an airline company, is not an exception; it has succumbed to a number of challenges that have inhibited its normal operation management. The challenges involve; cancellation of flights due to volcanic eruptions, a new government tax policy, complaints from customers, a dynamic airline industry, lack of market diversification, and change of strategy. The challenges have had negative impacts on EasyJet’s performance and reputation in the airline industry. Although, EasyJet experiences these negative challenges on its operation management, it has proved to be one of the most thriving airline companies in Europe. Its success is attributed to its operation management, which is highly focused towards its primary strategy of providing cheaper air transport.

HRM - Talent Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

HRM - Talent Management - Essay Example One of the strategies that have enabled the success of a large number of companies on a global scale has been their ability to find very good people to work for them on the ground (Karin, 2004). This means that the employees of these companies have to be well trained, promotable, and diverse and committed, creating an environment where the companies are able to provide the best services to their customers. To achieve such a workforce, it is necessary for companies to create some extremely good employee policies, which will work towards gaining the confidence of potential employees (Maxwell, 2004). One of the main reasons for the success of companies has been their ability to bring potential employees into their workforce, because this has ensured that they a dedicated workforce working for them, hence an increase in their productivity. Performance management is an extremely important aspect of human resources and it involves the systematic process through which a company involves its employees, as individuals and members of a team, in ensuring the effectiveness of the said company in the accomplishment of the mission and goals that it has set for itself (Piskurich, 2006). In any effective company, rewards towards employees are used well because they are the basis upon which employees can be motivated to be more productive. Rewarding means the recognition of deserving employees, alone or as members of teams, for their work and acknowledging their involvement in the achievement of the aims and objectives of the company for which they work (Broderick and Pearce, 2001). One of the basic principles of effective management is that all behaviour is controlled by its consequences and the said consequences... This essay describes the most important tasks when dealing with talent management, that is people resourcing. It involves the recruiting and employing of individuals who will work for a company. The essay explores the management of talent within a company, that is very important in the interaction between people within it and in fact, it is the glue that holds the employees of the said company together. The researcher states that without talent management, all other elements of the company would not be able to function, and in fact, they would be virtually non-existent. Talent management is therefore very important for a company to function effectively and it has even become more important today because of globalization issue, which has forced people and companies to start working across cultures as opposed to when people only used to work within their own cultures or societies. It is often very difficult for a company to embrace talent management if its management believes that its corporate culture is superior to all other cultures and that the practices of others are not in accordance its own views. It is also important for a company to embrace the cultures it encounters in new environments because this will ensure that it is able to make swift changes that may be beneficial to it. In conclusion, the researcher suggests that with swift changes, that are mentioned in the essay it would be much easier for the companies to be able to manage its talents so that it can be more productive.

Business law and ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business law and ethics - Essay Example Moreover, the acceleration speed must be regulated by stating the safety factor. Brake pedal pressure signal plots that the underlying driver normally applies on the brake pedal during the period of its operation on the vehicle stationary. Moreover, the brake pedal pressure goes to zero and there is sharp transition in the accelerator pedal pressure signal. Dynamic of the underlying pressure is also defined as the rate of alteration in the pressure applied on the pedal pressure by the corresponding driver. Thus pressure mainly aids in the apply friction that aids in the stopping of the brake pedals. Problem solving models that is will utilize in making my final decision would be employment of the SWOT analysis and PEST analysis models. SWOT analysis will assist me in examining the underlying potential and corresponding suitability of the Zero Pedal in the Eastern market. The decision making will mainly incorporate appropriate tools and process. The question that I would ask will pert ain to the definition and clarification issue of defects, collecting of all the facts and comprehending causes of the Zero Pedal defects. Moreover, I will brainstorm about the probable alternatives and solutions by comparing those alternatives. I will then choose the best alternative that compromises the decision. Then I will ensure that the designers of the Zero Pedal implement the chosen alternative by following up. A2. I will not recommend my company to pay the special $5,000 fee to have the prevailing Zero Pedal on the underlying shelves of the corresponding sporting goods store. This because the its operation that ought not to exceed 100 degrees Fahrenheit since the temperature of the store rooms might rise above that thus posing a lot of negative risk. Moreover, the process is not legal since it does follow the outline procedures that Green Move Company has put in place in regard to ordering and stocking its commodities. A3. Green Move can apply the cost/benefit analysis in th e latency stage in regard to the safety concerns while looking for the permanent solution to the problem. Cost benefit analysis will aids them in disposing the present stock and increasing the market base for its products. Nevertheless, the are numerous risks in the undertaking of the cost benefit analysis because they will be exposing the users of the commodities to a lot of risks that might derail their market coverage and consequently spoil the public image of the company in case the explosion of the products occur. Questions B B.1 Robert should try to improve the condition of the Solar Group since the Solar Group manufacturers of the corresponding solar panels are fundamental in the production of the Zero Pedal. Termination the underlying agreements will make the Green Move company to experienced serious problems since solar panels are chief components in the manufacture of the Zero Pedal. Thus, Robert has one option of improving the condition of the Solar Group situated in Bang ladesh to conform to the required standards by employing workers of appropriate ages. He ought to enforce the Solar Group that was stipulates that no children ought to be employed in the Solar Group and the employees must also be treated fairly. Green Move Company interest is at stake since Solar Group produces Solar panels that are fundamental in the production of the Zero Pedal. So they must force the company to conform to the

8 Week Forum Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

8 Week Forum - Assignment Example In many societies, teenage pregnancy is a social problem. Most girls drop out of school due to pregnancies. Research shows that over 45% of teenagers in grade 9 to 12 engage in sex. Teen pregnancies are associated with low birth weight, premature labour and anaemia among other complications. In some societies, teenage pregnancy results to social stigma. Teenage girls get pregnant due to lack of knowledge about contraceptives and other safety measures. Sex education turns young people into sexually knowledgeable and responsible individuals (Stevens). STDs are illnesses, which are contracted through sexual activities. They can be contracted through oral sex, anal sex, and vaginal intercourse. In the USA, over 15 million cases are reported annually. Most teenagers are vulnerable to STDs due to lack of information. Some of the common STDs include herpes, syphilis, scabies, gonorrhoea, hepatitis B, HIV, and Chlamydia among others. These diseases can lead to an ectopic pregnancy and death if left untreated. Sex education is more likely to reduce the cases of STDs among young adults and teenagers. Research shows that societies with extensive sex education tend to record low cases of STDs among the young people. In sex education, teenagers are taught about dangerous of engaging in unprotected sex and other unsafe sexual practices. Teenagers need to access sex education in order to make healthy, loving, and intelligent decisions in their lives (Cotney).† The excerpt above is one of my greatest accomplishments in class. This is because I managed to incorporate all the skills I have learnt in class in writing an essay. First, in the first paragraph, I managed to focus on introducing my topics. This played a significant role in capturing the attention of the reader as well as stating the issue to be addressed in the body of the essay. Moreover, I managed to highlight the issues raised by dissenting voices on the topic. On

Working in Groups in the Organizational Setting Research Paper

Working in Groups in the Organizational Setting - Research Paper Example It was stated by Dr Carl Rogers’ theory of Person-Centered Approach (Brazier) that we all have the drive within us which enable us, given the right conditions, to develop in a way that offers us the greatest potential as human beings. Rogers had termed it â€Å"self-actualizing tendency†. A good leader/facilitator must be able to realize that each of them has that tendency and has the ability to use that for the purpose of fulfilling the group’s aim. To be able to achieve that, first, he must have an honest understanding of himself and of his full potential. He must be able to convey a strong vision of the future as people tend to follow those who have a clear direction. He must be conceived as a character worthy of respect, which would then lead to trust and confidence of his group workers. As mentioned previously, good communication skill is also of great importance. Spoken words should not be the mere mode of relaying his message but by incorporating it with n on-verbal cues and concrete visual examples as well. He focuses on the group and understands the full course of all his actions and what it can imply to the members of the group. He must first understand the task completely and be able to relay it to the group in the manner that he will inculcate to each member plays an important part. He must be able to communicate a clear vision of where the group needs to go. That pertains to authority that would be able to make the members work for the sake of the group’s vision and harmony in the sense that he would be open to the member’s idea and suggestion. His point must be clearly inculcated at the very start, as he lay down his ground rules, if not simply imply his baseline.

Martha Stewart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Martha Stewart - Essay Example She was the CEO of her own multi-million dollar empire who was now facing felony time at Alderson Federal Penitentiary for what amounted to pocket change for Ms. Stewart. How could things have gone so wrong for Martha? Could her attorneys have done something to present a more strategic defense for her case in an effort to minimize her sentence? Martha's case was a classic white-collar crime, and her troubles began shortly after selling ImClone stock based on insider information, a crime known as insider trading. She was contacted by the FBI and US Attorneys in January 2002 and scheduled an interview with them for the first week in February This was the first of several legal errors made in Martha's case. Martha, absent an attorney, ended up lying to the investigators during her initial interview A good defense would have been to exercise her right to remain silent. (Bennett, 2006). Defense attorneys familiar with white-collar crime all generally agree that cooperating with the authorities is not a good thing. The most common legal advice is, "not to give statements or otherwise cooperate with investigators until you’ve talked with an attorney" (Bennett, 2006). The most common defenses against financial crime are insanity, intoxication, incapacity, and duress. Most of her contemporary white-collar criminals say simply they were out of the loop and just did not know. This is known as the "Absence of Intent" defense which Enron, WorldCom, and others have popularized in the recent months. Entrapment is another common defense used in white-collar cases. The defendant claims they could not have committed the crime without the aid of the investigators. This defense is most often used after lengthy undercover investigations and would not have been usable in Stewart's case. Martha's initial error of lying without legal counsel was compounded by her attorney's failure to reach a plea agreement and allowing the case to go to trial. As many as 87% of federal fraud cases are settled with plea agreements and there is a sound legal reason for it. Sentencing can be negotiated during a plea agreement, but a judge is under strict restrictions and has to conform to federal guidelines when imposing punishment after a guilty verdict in a trial (France, 2004). The issue of Martha not testifying in her own behalf has also been criticized, though when a defendant takes the stand in a white collar case the defense runs the risk of the jury forgetting that the government has to prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt (France, 2004). The jury found Ms. Stewart guilty of lying to investigators and she received a sentence of 5 months in prison and 5 months on home detention. This was at the minimum end of the federal guidelines and below the national average of 15.7 month s prison time (US Sentencing Commission, 2003). The simple sale of a stock for what amounted to a few dollars drastically altered Martha's world. In a statement shortly after her release she commented, "The experience of the last five months ... has been life altering and life affirming" (Porteus, 2005). However, the damage that the trial did to Martha's image will be long lasting and costly. As a convicted felon, there will be restrictions placed on her ability to operate in certain financial positions. She has been denied entry into Canada and the conviction has scarred her status as a product spokesperson. The price of Martha Stewart stock took an initial beating and after 4 years has just returned to the level it was before the indictment. With the incident behind her, Martha has moved on with some new television programming, a successful talk and domestic show, and "Living". It just goes to prove that it's hard to keep a good thing down.

The Contributions of Greeks and Arabs to Mathematics Essay Example for Free

The Contributions of Greeks and Arabs to Mathematics Essay The Greeks are one of the historical groups that contributed mostly to civilization. They have contributions in science, philosophy, and many other important fields like mathematics. It was when Greece started to consider mathematics as a science when the people of ancient Egypt and Babylon went to Greece for trade. However, although the Greeks have much contributions in mathematics, their discoveries regarding math were not recorded immediately rather spread through word of mouth. That is why Thales and Pythagoras did not have written texts about their work. Other Greeks namely Proclus and Eudemus just did a summary of the work of Pythagoras and Thales (Greece: Mathematics, 2001). Early Greek Mathematics Thales is the one responsible for the theorem that says â€Å"any angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle†. This is very important and is very useful in the field of Geometry. Aside from his theorem about the right angles in a semicircle, he was also said to have measured the height of the pyramids just by measuring their shadows using a stick. Another thing that made Thales famous is the fact that, although the Egyptians and Babylonians brought the idea of mathematics to Greece, he was able to organize these ideas rationally (Greece: Mathematics, 2001). Thales is also the one responsible for practicing geometry in everyday life since it is normally used at that time just for the sole reason of measurement. Because of this, other Greeks have been encouraged to follow what Thales had started. They are Pythagoras and Plato (Greece: Mathematics, 2001). Pythagoras is not just a mathematician but also a man of astronomy and religion and that’s what made him famous that time. In fact, he founded a school in which the members are called Pythagoreans that would soon study about discoveries and new ideas in mathematics, astronomy and philosophy (Greece: Mathematics, 2001). Talking about the contributions of Pythagoras to math, he was the one who introduced that the sum of angles of a triangle was half the central angle of a circle. Also, he proved that the plane space around a point could be divided into six equilateral triangles, four squares or three regular hexagons (Greece: Mathematics, 2001). But we all know that these are not the most famous works of Pythagoras. Every student today in secondary school knows the Pythagorean Theorem which states that the sum of the squares of the shorter sides of a right triangle is equal to the square of the third side. There is no doubt that this is one of the most useful theorems in mathematics today. The Pythagorean had been used in proving several other theorems in geometry and trigonometry. However, although this is one of the most famous works of Pythagoras, there were some reports that tracked down the Pythagorean Theorem to the Babylonians and that Pythagoras is the only one who provided proof to the theorem. Although this is the only visible work of Pythagoras today, his followers, the Pythagoreans are the ones who introduced the use of mathematics in religion, nature, etc (Greece: Mathematics, 2001). These Pythagoreans are responsible for the development of modern geometry. Hippocrates is one of them who studied about the quadrilateral. Another one is Hippias, the one who discovered the quadratrix which was the first curve that could be defined but could not be constructed with a straightedge and compass. The dodecahedron which was discovered by a Pythagorean named Hippasus is a regular polyhedron that consists of twelve faces. Another contribution of Greeks in geometry is the fact that there is a relationship between the volume of a cone and a cylinder with equal base and height. This was discovered by Democritus who also computed for the volume of the Egyptian pyramids. It is also the discovery of the Greeks that concerns integral calculus which s attributed as the method of reduction. This method involves increasing the number of sides of a rectilinear figure to approximate it to the area of a curvilinear figure (Greece: Mathematics, 2001). Although Plato is a very famous Greek philosopher, he also has his fair share in ancient Greek mathematics. However, it started with his mentors first. Theodorus, his teacher in Athens, proved that the square roots of non-square integers from 3 to 17 are irrational. Eudoxus is the one responsible for the fame of ratio and proportion in mathematics because of his book. Menaechmus, on the other hand, is credited for the properties of conics. Aristotle (which was said to be Plato’s brightest student), has a book on indivisible lines and mechanics. Euclid, one of the greatest mathematicians of all time wrote a book consisting of all known mathematical knowledge which became famous for its being simple and logical. Last but not the least is Archimedes who contributed many important mathematical concepts. He was the one who discovered the concept of buoyancy and was also the one who was known for setting ships on fore using only a mirror and the sun’s rays. Aside from these discoveries, his works also consist of summation of squares of consecutive numbers, cubic equations, and solving for the area of a parabolic segment. He also proved that the volume of a sphere is one-third the volume of a cylinder with the same radius and height, and that the surface area of a sphere is four times the area of its greatest circle (Greece: Mathematics, 2001). Contribution of Arabs to mathematics If the Greeks are the ones responsible for geometry and trigonometry, they are very famous for the numerals and numbers. The Arabs are responsible for writing numerals from right to left. The Arabs also introduced the number zero. It was introduced by Muhammad Bin Ahmad. When zero was discovered, many disregarded it as important in the field of mathematics yet zero enabled many mathematics scholars to derive several laws and theorems that we are using right now. If the Greeks focused mostly on geometry such as plane figures and curvilinear figures, the Arabs managed to solve Algebraic problems using arithmetic methods. The also have their fair share when it comes to the concept of fractions (Arab contributions to mathematics and the introduction of the Zero, 1998). An Arab known as al-Khawarzmi is responsible for solving linear and quadratic equations in algebra. Aside from that, he also provided the geometrical methods of solving these equations. He was also the one who discovered that second degree equations have two roots. Because of his great contributions to algebra, it reported that the word algebra was named after him because he is considered as the father of Algebra in Arab mathematics. He is also the one who discovered geometric methods for completing the square (Drakos, 1996). With his methods, no symbols were used and no zero and negative coefficients were allowed. He is also the one who discovered the name algorithm (Arab contributions to mathematics and the introduction of the Zero, 1998). Because of these people, the Arabs learned to perfect geometrical algebra and they were also able to solve equations up to the fourth degree. Another Arab is Abul Wafa which made contributions about the polyhedral theory. Aside from that, he is also famous for his use of the tangent function and the discovery of the tables of sines and tangents. What was really amazing about him is his discovery of these things using the orbit of the moon! His trigonometric tables were accurate up to eight decimal places while Ptolemy’s were only accurate up to three places (Drakos, 1996). Another great Arab mathematician is Al-Karaki who wrote books regarding arithmetic and algebra. The Arabs also continued the Greeks’ studies about conics and developed the geometry of conic sections. Al Tusi discovered that trigonometry should be separated from trigonometry which opposes Euclid’s theory of parallels. Because of his discovery, he could be considered as the founder of non-Euclidian geometry (Arab contributions to mathematics and the introduction of the Zero, 1998). Abu lHasan al-Uqlidisi has his contributions in algorithm in multiplication and decimal fractions. Al Hasib is famous for his works in integer solutions. He also solved for the solutions of fourth degree equations and was able to solve for quadratic equations with irrational coefficients. Al Hasib is sometimes known as Abu Kamil. What made Abu Kamil famous is his knowledge about irrational coefficients which were not used by the famous Al Khwarizmi. Abu Bakr al-Karaji is also one of the Arab mathematicians which discovered the numerical solutions to the equations of the form . Omar Khayyam, another mathematician as well as poet is concerned about cubic equations and studied on parabolas and circles. Al Kashi is also an Aras which contributed to a very important concept of . He calculated its value up to 16 decimal places (Drakos, 1996).