The Evolution of American Self Essays - 870 Words

The American Self is the common character and values of American people which evolved depending on governmental philosophy, religious belief, and economical aspiration from beginning of its formation to the present. Any of the change in the above factors would contribute to the evolution of the American Self. Over time, the American Self changed from communalism, whole hearted religious faith, and interest in material goods to individualism, self interests, and greed. The American Self depended on the governmental philosophy held by its early colonial leaders, the Founding Fathers, and the later elites who governed the nation. The Puritans were theocratic; the early Puritans based their governmental philosophy on their religious view†¦show more content†¦The leaders separated themselves into two parties, the Federalism and the Republicanism. The Federalism provides for a powerful federal government. Their philosophy was giving up on the publics ability to live selflessly, political actors [federalists] promulgated in its place the need for selfless leaders to carry out the common good.[44] The Federalists believed democracy would lead to self-interest, license, and the eventual dissolution of the Union[45] In contrast, Republicans following the philosophy of the founding fathers continued to advocate the extending of autonomy to the communities. During this transitional era, Republicans accuse Federalist of tyranny and Federalists acc using Republicans of unwittingly perpetrating anarchy.[44] Finally, by mid-century, communalism was hardly proffered as viable social option by the American intelligentsia.[46] Religion also impacted the American Self to a great degree. As mentioned above, Puritans based their governmental structure on the religious view. Raised in a pious society, the Founding Fathers were bound to be influenced by church doctrines.[42] Ben Franklin said, The longer I live, the more convincing proofs I see of this truth--that God governs in the affairs of men.[43] The religious beliefs of the founders contributed toShow MoreRelatedEvolution of the dichotomy Self and Other Within American History600 Words   |  3 PagesEvolution of the dichotomy Self and Other Within American History American’s culture has been a big influence for American literature; because it not only has serves writers to convey the lives of Americans ancestors, but also to express their thoughts and feelings. Furthermore, American literature shows the power exerted by the white Americans against African American slaves. The superiority of white Americans over blacks population forms part of American heritage and it is reflected in AmericanRead MoreThe Evolution of Self in Asian-American Women in the Us (Joy Luck Club)4993 Words   |  20 PagesEssay 2-The Evolution of Self in Asian-American Women in the US The conflict of a typical mother/daughter relationship exists in many cultures. This conflict for many Asian-American women was further exasperated as these women were forced to also deal with adjusting as first, second, and third generation Americans in a sometimes unwelcome society. As a child, Japanese-American Janice Mirikitani, was interned, along with her mother, at a â€Å"work relocation camp† during 1941in Rohwer, Arkansas (AmericansRead MoreAmerican Revolution Accelerated evolution vs Cataclysmic revolution1624 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿The American Revolution was an accelerated evolution rather than a cataclysmic revolution to a certain point. An accelerated evolution is a rapid process of growth and change, while a cataclysmic revolution is a sudden and violent event that brings great changes. The extent to which the American Revolution was an accelerated evolution was during events that completely disregarded the government. When considered politically, eco nomically and socially the extent to which the American Revolution wasRead MoreEvolution Of Language And The Brain1447 Words   |  6 Pages Professor Terrence Deacon, an American Neuroanthropoligist; for his undergraduate attended Fairhaven College of Western Washington University from 1972-1976 as an Interdisciplinary major. Later attending Harvard’s Graduate School of Education from 1977-1978 in Philosophy and Cognitive Development. Ultimately pursuing a Ph.D. from Harvard in Biological Anthropology from 1978-1984. Later he joined the Harvard faculty as an assistant professor of biological anthropology, he was promoted to an associateRead MoreWalt Whitman Poetry Essay1685 Words   |  7 PagesWhitman’s Contribution to American Identity Walt Whitman’s portfolio of poetry was a crucial staple in the American identity. Whitman used his poetry to contribute to the evolution of self-reliance, human freedom and concepts of democracy. These influences can be seen throughout all of his poems, but more relevantly in â€Å"Song of Myself†, â€Å"For You O Democracy† and in â€Å"Live Oak, with Moss†. After analyzing these works thoroughly, Whitman has undeniably aided in the development of American identity and influencedRead MoreThe Social Darwinism Of The World War I1311 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Social Darwinism â€Å"For their point of view does not permit of a live-and-let-live kind of carrying on. It is a point of view that justifies itself by a whole hearted acceptance of the worst of Neo-Darwinism, the Allmacht of natural selection applied rigorously to human life and society and Kultur†(p.22, Headquarters Nights by Vernon Kellogg). In the years following World War I, the Social Darwinist movement lost some of its momentum due to the unpopularity of Germany s Neo-Darwinism.Read MoreThe Natural History of the Galapagos Written by Ian Thornton1150 Words   |  5 PagesThe theory of evolution is a very interesting, but also a bit of a controversial topic. The Merriam Webster dictionary defines evolution as â€Å"a theory that the differences between modern plants and animals are because of changes that happened by a natural process over a very long time.† Even though many people would and have disagreed with this following statement, the theory of evolution as of now is the best the best way of explaining why people and the animals which are, are on earth today. Read MoreCreation Versus Evolution in Schools770 Words   |  3 PagesCreation vs. Evolution: the School Front Despite great efforts to convince the opposing belief for centuries, a battle still brews amongst creationists and evolutionists over the beginning of life and the universe, but neither opinions’ palpability can be firmly upheld through scientific manners. Since science can only prove hypotheses that are testable and based on current observations, neither creation nor evolutionary concepts can be proven with irrefutable evidence. However, regardless of theRead More Names and Titles in Gloria Naylors novel, Mommy, What Does Nigger Mean1444 Words   |  6 PagesNames and Titles in Gloria Naylors novel, Mommy, What Does Nigger Mean    Words themselves are innocuous; it is the consensus that gives them true power. (Naylor 344) A name is a mark of classification, a basis for self identity. Able to elevate or annihilate a persons perception of herself and the surrounding society, these designations can uplift, joke, chide, mock, insult, degrade. Society implies the people and the atmosphere encompassing an individual in her daily lifeRead MoreCooley And Mead s Theories1287 Words   |  6 Pagesof interaction and communication. Socialization becomes an important key in understanding society and individuals while also getting a glimpse into evolution and progression. Articles by Mead and Cooley provide different perspectives on the human advancement of the â€Å"self’† by looking at early stages of development and maturation. The idea of social self and socialization allows for individuals to build their identity and connect with society. The importance of social relations is seen in various cultures

Traumatic Brain Injury Essay - 1243 Words

Traumatic Brain Injury Traumatic brain injury, also called acquired brain injury or simply head injury, is a result of a sudden blow to the head when an external force is applied causing a disruption of the physiological stability of the brain locally. It can also occur when an object pierces the skull and enters the brain tissue and when elevation in the intracranial pressure occurs and potentially dramatic changes in the blood flow within and to the brain. These changes may produce a diminished or altered state of consciousness. Traumatic brain injury is a nondegenerative, noncongential defect in which there may be permanent or temporary impairments to cognition, physical, and psychosocial functions. Various terms are used to†¦show more content†¦Depending on the velocity, mass, shape, and direction of the impact determines the degree of injury. The higher the velocity the more the damage to the brain tissue. As with any open area to the body, the patient is at high r isk for infection related to an object piercing the skull and from environmental contamination. Closed head injuries are caused by blunt trauma in which a concussion, contusion, and laceration to the brain may result. The most severe of the closed head injuries is anoxal injury (diffuse type). Diffuse anoxal injury is used related to high speed acceleration/deceleration as with automobile accidents. (Workman, 2006). With this type of injury there is significant damage to the axons in the white matter. Lesions may be found in the corpus callosum, midbrain, cerebellum and upper brainstem. Depending on the severity, small areas of hemorrhage followed by possible enlargement of the lateral ventricles may be detected on CT scan. For severe cases, the majority present in a coma. Survivors usually require long term care. There are other factors that must be considered in the dynamics of head injuries: acceleration and deceleration. An acceleration injury is caused by an external force placing the head in motion. A deceleration injury occurs when the moving head suddenly is stopped or hits an object. These forces can result in shearing, straining, and distortion of brain tissue, particularly ofShow MoreRelatedA Traumatic Brain Injury 1708 Words   |  7 PagesA traumatic brain injury (â€Å"TBI†) occurs when the brain is somehow injured, rattled, or wounded from an external source of force. The means of acquisition and the severity of TBIs are unique to each patient; therefore, symptoms and rehabilitation can vary greatly depending on the patient’s condition following the incident and how they sustained the injury. The severity of a TBI is generally classified into one of three categories: mild, moderate, or severe, and this type of diagnostic criteria influencesRead MoreTraumatic Brain Injuries772 Words   |  4 PagesEffects may be long term or short term, depending on the gravity of the incident. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a seriou s public health problem in the United States. Based on recent studies, on average, 1.7 million people endure a traumatic brain injury each year. The leading causes of Traumatic Brain Injuries are falls, motor vehicle accidents, struck by or against objects, and assaults. The initial blow causes the brain to bounce around and twist hitting the bony interior wall of the skull or anRead MoreTraumatic Brain Injury1030 Words   |  5 Pagesto provide therapeutic and counseling services that assist persons suffering with traumatic brain injury (TBI) or acquired brain injury (ABI) in coping and recovering from the mental illnesses that often accompany such tragedies. TBI/ABI has shown a proven link with â€Å"anxiety, depression, personality changes, aggression (National Alliance on Mental Illness Veterans Resource Center May 8, 2009 Traumatic Brain Injury)†, as well as many other issues. As the caregiver for a survivor of a rare and deadlyRead MoreSymptoms And Injuries Of A Traumatic Brain Injury841 Words   |  4 Pages Nearly two million people experience a traumatic brain injury (TBI) every year. The degree of severit y from the incident may range from no underlying brain injury to severe compression of brain tissue. Irregular interior surface of skull can damage fragile tissues of brain during acceleration, deceleration, or shearing forces. Direct mechanical trauma can injure cortical tissue. Traumatic hematomas can damage subcortical structures and lead to vasospasm and ischemia. Sudden movement of skull onRead MoreTraumatic Brain Injury Essay1046 Words   |  5 PagesInjury Stats Roughly 1.4 million people sustain a traumatic brain injury every year in the United States.1 Of these 1.4 million, 235,000 injuries are severe enough to require hospitalization—and 50,000 result in death. More than half (over 700,000) of all of these yearly brain injuries are from sports-related activities, falls, and physical assaults. In the year 2000, traumatic brain injury cost an estimated $60 billion in the United States, totaled in both direct medical fees and indirect costsRead MoreIntroduction Of Traumatic Brain Injury897 Words   |  4 PagesOutline I. The Brain II. Introduction of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) a. TBI sustained in combat zones i. Degrees of TBI ii. Causes of TBI while deployed 1. Concussion management iii. Why it is a problem III. Who Should Be Screened And How a. Suspected patients b. Methods of screening i. Rapid field screening ii. Further evaluation IV. Interventions and Treatment a. Deployed interventions i. Medications b. Nursing Interventions i. Manage symptoms ii. Family education. The human brain is a scientificRead MoreBrain Studies on Traumatic Brain Injuries1953 Words   |  8 Pagesfrom a traumatic brain injury. While working at a railroad site, an iron tamping rod (43 inches long, 1.25 diameter) went through his left cheek, through his brain, and out the skull. He surprisingly ended up surviving this traumatic injury. After a month in the hospital, he was back out on the street. Once a nice, caring person, Phineas turned into an aggressive man who could not even keep a job. Just like Phineas Gage, a TBI can potentially change everything. Brain studies on traumatic brain injuriesRead MoreTraumatic Effects Of Traumatic Brain Injury1278 Words   |  6 PagesTraumatic Brain Injury Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is one of the most common causes of death and long-term disability in children (Kraus, 1995). It is an acquired brain injury that occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain (NIH,2016). The symptoms for Traumatic Brain Injury include frequent headaches, lightheadedness and dizziness. An individual may experience having blurred vision tired eyes, and fatigue. Even stressors prior to having an injury can contribute to the result of postRead MoreImaging Of Traumatic Brain Injuries Essay1585 Words   |  7 PagesImaging of Traumatic Brain Injuries: An Investigative Report INTRODUCTION Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) consist of pathological intracranial characteristics of altered brain function cause by an outside force. TBI’s have plagued emergency rooms in recent years. TBI’s are the number one cause for death and disability in American youth and young adults. The drastic increase in TBI prognosis has been credited for reasons such as; increased competitiveness in sports, increased speeds of automobilesRead MoreEssay on Traumatic Brain Injury1034 Words   |  5 PagesTraumatic brain injury occurs when a person is hit in the head with a blunt force. This significant force to the head can happen playing recreational sports, on the playground, being in a car or motorcycle accident, falling down at home and your head impacting something, a blast or explosion. Traumatic brain injuries are also the leading cause of fatality rate and disability, especially in children, young adults and elderly. TBI is a devastating condition that affects millions of p eople nationwide

Accounting Tools And Technology - The Role of Management Accountant

Question: While some accountants have described modern management accounting tools and technology as laudable innovations essential for the survival of any organisation in a global competitive business environment (see Johnson, 1994; Hoque and Alam, 1999), others have argued that some of the so called modern management accounting tools and technology are just old wine in new bottles (see Ezzamel, 1994; Norreklit, 2003). Required: Critically examine the above statements by analysing the argument for and against the development and implementation of modern management accounting tools and technology and evaluating the role of the management accountant therein. Answer: Introduction In the contemporary business scenario, Managerial accounting is backbone for the any types and forms of organizations irrespective of its size or members. Modern accounting management has innovated the managerial accounting that plays important role in planning and controlling the cost objectives in order to make decision making more effective (Gray et al. 2010). Although most of authors does not agree with that fact that, management accounting is just form of accounting which is very much limited and has less transparency that could helps them to meet the organisational goals. However, while defending the above thought, the study will highlight the managerial tolls and techniques that will give enough scope for the management to survive in the long run (Bragg, 2001). Apart from that study will also features role of management accountant in shaping up the company internal management effectively by reducing the excessive cost and risk involve within the project. 1. Modern management accounting tools Modern management accounting tools are very much helpful any organization in order to survive them in long run. Most of the large and small manufacturing industries are very much concern about their decision making which purely based on the profit and cost incurred (Bragg and Roehl-Anderson, 2011). Management accounting is very much backbone of every manufacturing business irrespective of its size or the volume. Management accounting has been developed in year 1880 and thereby it has been changed since then as per the changing business environment. During the time of 1980 to 1990 efforts are being made to change the modern way of practicing the management accounting that has brought revolution in the system. In today, competitive business environment every business is catering global customer, therefore, companies tries to reduce their manufacturing with quality to gain the maximum customer satisfaction (Horngren et al. 2006). Apart from that, advance management accounting has various methods and tool suitable for each type of firms as per their efficiency and scale. Thus, it has been said that, managerial accounting is eyes and ears of the management. With the help of management accounting tools and technology the study will be further discussed: 1.1 Activity based costing As noted by Chua and Poullaos (1998), although there are numerous methods the cost accounting but activity based costing is one of the most prominent methods of costing. It is used in the most of the international companies like McDonalds, Tesco and IBM. Some of the other major costing techniques are standard costing, absorption costing, marginal costing and historical costing. Activity based of costing is very much based on the activities while manufacturing the products (Horngren et al. 2006). The activities will decide the actual cost that could be distributed in fixed and variable costing. Activity based costing is better than traditional costing as because it is gather the entire costing information of single manufacturing task in one irrespective of their category such as labour or materials (Bragg and Roehl-Anderson, 2011). Activity based costing is very much based on the activities for instance the production of Coca Cola which would be based on the several activities like filing of up the bottle, quality check, moving the pallets of bottle and final products by sealing. With the help of these activities amount of labour , materials and the time are being calculated in order to fix price of the products. Figure 1: ABC costing process (Source: Bragg, 2001, pp-22) One of the major advantages of this approach is that management can assess the task as per activities level make the budge as per their task. This will help the organization to segregate the high and low cost of the production on the basis of activities and task. Activity costing reduces the inaccuracy and chances of error is less because company trace direct labour and direct material cost (Maines and McDaniel, 2009). However, one of the major drawback of the ABC costing is that it is very much difficult identify the overall costing and along with that it is not very much suitable for the small organization because of it support normally the batch run production function. 1.2 Total quality management Total quality management is approach which was established in the 1951 and has been originally known for continuous effort to reduce the cost of the organizations. IT is technology which has been evolved and now it has become one of the important parts of development of the quality control within the manufacturing (Johnson, 1994). It helps the manufacturing companies to create the high quality products with low cost. the TQM has makes the management to resolve the quality issues like manufacturing defect, machine error and slow run of machine etc . Figure 2: TQM model (Source: Hoque and Alam, 1999, pp-200) One of the major benefit of the TQM is to strengthen the competitive position of the company by reducing the waste and increasing the consistency within the production. It increase the higher productivity, for instance Companies like Wal-Mart are using the TQM within their company to reduce the waste and bring quality enhancement along with company has been bale to bring the customized products which is why Wal-Mart has become global leader in retail chain (Hoque and Alam, 1999). However, TQM has been recently been overshadowed by the various in new innovations like Six sigma, lean management and Price 2 methodology are one of the most prominent global method of reducing the cost. Besides that , it reduces the innovations because it is more focused on consistency in the production. 1.3 Target costing Target costing is another major method of management accounting that is totally based on pricing method. It is one of the effective method of reducing by and large cost of the of products during its life cycle. Target costing = target cost assumption desired profit margin Target costing plays important role in management accounting to design the phase in such way that continuous monitrioing of the p product manufacturing the moment it enter in the processing (Ezzamel, 1994). It is one of the tools that helps the companies like Heinz and Maggi achieve the consistent profitability in manufacturing. Some of the major process of t5atget costing are based on the primary research where the company first review the market cost of products, then form a team to make feature of products and set a price of the products which lesser than market price (Cooper, 2010). Moreover, Heinz used techniques of low costing by reducing one of the features from its tomato sauce products to sell their proudest in Asian market. Besides that , company also take care of the engineering of product by proportionate the component of the products which is of high quality, delivery and with high quantity levels (Faulkender and Petersen, 2009). However, target costing is very much has lesser application in the labour intensive manufacturing. Figure 3: Three major elements of target based costing (Source: Faulkender and Petersen, 2009, pp-47) 1.4 Benchmarking Another major technique of management accounting is benchmarking which helps to set the standard time for every task for the labour and machinery while producing (Lee et al. 2011). After the overall finished products have been produced then the actual cost and benchmarking will be compared so that actual difference so that difference must be analyses. Benchmarking tool is a process to measure the cost of production or rather profitability of the own company with existing competitors. Benchmarking tool helps to bring the healthy competition among the companies to measure the quality, time and cost during the time of production of the products (Weiss et al. 2008). Here the best benchmarking firm will have a competitive edge to produce more with low selling price. Some of the major bench marking methodology is given below: Identifying the issues: Here the company will be conducting research for failure of its products or services on low sale. This can be possible techniques like taking feedback from the customers and collecting the qualitative and quantitative research to re engineer the products (Winklhofer and Diamantopoulos, 2008). While doing so company will also review its manufacturing process and cycle time. Finding solution from the similar industries: Looking for the solution from the competitors who are already has high market share in the market. During the time of doing so, competitors techniques and tools must be taken consideration in order to assess its current way of production functions (Schroeter, 2009). Following the leaders methods : After assessing the current production function with competitors. Company should follow the leaders who are using same techniques o or different technique during the time of production. Then study company current process within its annual report, or magazines or from its suppler to improve its own techniques be learning from the leader. Implement innovative business practices: And finally implement the leading edge technology or methods of production in order to increase its efficiency and reduce the price of the products to sustain in the current market (Cgma.org, 2015). Benchmarking helps the organization o to create opportunities for the companies to compete with the existing companies in the same sector. 1.5 Balance score card Balance score card is one of the major way monitoring ion the performance of the company. Balance score helps the company and management specifically management accountant to assess the efficiency of the machine and labour in compare with investment made (Nrreklit 2003). Balance score is very much base on the financial, customer and innovations and internal analysis of the company. Figure 4: Balanced score card (Source: Smith et al. 2008, pp-198) Balance score card helps to company work as per visions and strategy of the company in the long run. Balance score card comprises of the financial perspective, internal perspective, organizational capacity and finally customer perspective (Cgma.org, 2015). One of the major advantages of the balance score card is the major it helps in improving the process and motivates the employees to work towards the organizational goals. It specifically monitors the progress of the employees by analyzing the customer satisfaction process to increase its financial profitability. Internal perspective: Internal perspective is very much related to the company visions which customise the product as per the customer demand. Manager need to focus on the critical operation of the company in order satisfy the consumer needs (Ezzamel, 1994). Organizational capacity: This is related to the organizational efficiency and innovations perspective. Companies like IBM and SAP ERP are some of the company that uses the balance score card to understand their innovation capacity (Nrreklit 2003). Customer perspective: By collecting the data from the customer base in order to understand that customer are happy with the products and services as per their demand or not. Customer feedback on the product s and services data gives the manager to re-engineer or innovating the products in order to satisfy the customers. Financial perspective: At this phase the time and collection of data is been always be given the top priority and manager will provide the necessary financial requirement to analyze the financial information (Lee et al. 2011). 1.6 Value chain analysis It is another most important technique of analyzing the actual cost of production. Value chain analysis is based value given at each and every stage of production or processing starting from procurement to finished products. Figure 5: Value chain analysis (Source: Weiss et al. 2008, pp-1102) One of the major benefit of value chain analysis plays important role in developing the high value for the customers in business. The tool is used to analyses the activity , value chain and evaluation and planning (Schroeter, 2009). Activity analysis: In this stage company need to identify the activities that helps to produce the goods and services. Value analysis: Value chain analysis , adding value to each and every stage of production nd make the products of great value. Evaluation and planning: lastly, while evaluating the plan assessing wheter it is possible for the changes and make plan for an action (Smith et al. 2008). 1.7 Profitability analysis Profitability analysis based on the ratio. These ratios show the company actual capacity and its growth rate. Profitability analysis comprises of various sets of ratios that helps the company and investor to understand whether the company is being running profit or loss. Apart from that profitability analysis helps the company and management accountant to understand the actual ROI and, operating profit by selling of products and services by the organizations (Smith et al. 2008). It is one of the major tools which indicate the company actual cash inflow and actual cash outflow. Profitability analysis based on the comparing the own ratio with the same sector ratios in order to rationalize the actual financial position of the company in term of industry and competitors. 1.8 Customer competitive accounting Customer competitive accounting is based on the three major techniques such as valuation of customers asset, lifetime customer profitability and customer profitability analysis (Johnson, 1994). Customer competitive accounting helps the companies to understand the value given to the customer are worth the penny or not. Customer competitive accounting is based on the competition pricing set by the organizations. It comprise of the cost pricing strategy used by the companies to value worth of the products (Gu and Chen, 2009). Value pricing is another major method of the analyzing the customer competitive piercing that creates pricing based on the value of the products. Customer competitive accounting is very much based on the customer choice of products and its price which has been changing in compete to its competitors. 2. Evaluating the Role of management accountant One of the major roles of the management accountant is to manage and control the costing of the manufacturing unit by planning and budgeting for the organizations. Figure 6: Role of management accountant (Source: Schroeter, 2009, pp-7) Management account takes report from the controller and treasurer in order maintain the record of each and every transactions. Management accountant uses planning, controlling and co-coordinating in shaping up the company internal cost. 2.2 Role of management accountant Planning: While planning , management accountant plan the products on and set the mission of the company into sub goal for the every controller and treasurer (Gray et al. 2010). While planning the team is being formed to make sure the production runs smoothly. Controlling: Here the manager checks the entire activities and monitoring the implementation of plan. While doing so company take feedback in order to achieve the correct information that can be help to implement the plan (Bragg and Roehl-Anderson, 2011). Decision making: Finally while making the decision, management accountant analyses the alternatives in order to use the best suitable techniques of method or technology as per the company requirement. 2.3 Ethical standard maintained by the management accountant: Competence: It is very much based on the professional competence and prepare the clear and complete record as per the policy and procedures. Confidentiality: Not disclosing the information to the third party before taking permission from the owners and board of director of the company. Maintain the confidentiality of the company in order to reduce the conflicts and maintain the trust (Bragg and Roehl-Anderson, 2011). Integrity: While coming to the integrity, MA tries to solve the conflict by using the NO Blaming Policy within its management techniques (Johnson, 1994). Refuse any kind of floor, or money or rather incentives while making actions. This indicates no biasness towards any of the employees or any other members. Objectivity: MA is solely responsible for the disclosing the required information to management. The communication must be fair and reasonable. Conclusion From the above, it has been found that management accounting is very much helpful for the organizations in any case to sustain in the long run. Management accounting techniques are very much helps to build the strong internal base for the organizations. With the help of various method of tools and techniques of the management accounting support the thought that describes it is eyes and ear of the organizations. ABC costing is very much based on the activities during the time of manufacturing process. Besides that, TQM is technology which helps to bring the quality within the products and service of the organization by reducing the waste and bring consistency within the productions. Finally, management accountant are very responsible for manage and control the internal financial system of the organizations by planning, control, decision making and by forming the team. Reference List Books Bragg, S. (2001). Cost accounting. New York: John Wiley. Bragg, S. and Roehl-Anderson, J. (2011). The controller's function. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley Gray, R.H., Owen, D. and Maunders, K. (2010). Corporate Social Reporting, London: Prentice Hall Horngren, C., Datar, S. and Foster, G. (2006). Cost accounting. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Journals Chua, W. and C. Poullaos (1998). The dynamics of 'closure' amidst the construction of market, profession, empire and nationhood: An historical analysis of an Australian accounting association, 1886-1903. Accounting, Organisations and Society, 23(2): 155-187. Cooper, I. (2010) Asset pricing implications of nonconvex adjustment costs and irreversibility of investment, Journal of Finance 61, 139-170 Ezzamel, M., (1994), From problem solving to problematization, relevance revisited, Critical Perspectives on Accounting, Vol. 5, pp. 269-80. Faulkender, M., and Petersen, M. A. (2009) Does the source of capital affect capital structure?, Review of Financial Studies 19, 45-79. Gu, Z. and Chen, T. (2009) Analysts Treatment of Nonrecurring Items in Street Earnings. Journal of Accounting and Economics 38, 129 170. Hoque, Z. and Alam, M. (1999), TQM adoption, institutionalism and changes in management accounting systems: a case study, Accounting and Business Research, Vol. 29, no. 3, summer, pp. 199-210. Johnson, H T., (1994), Relevance Regained, total quality management and the role of management accounting, Critical Perspectives on Accounting, Vol. 5, pp. 259-67. Kinney, M. and Trezevant, R. (2008) The Use of Special Items to Manage Earnings and Perceptions Journal of Financial Statement Analysis 3, 45-53. Lee, C., Ng, D. and Swaminathan, B. (2011) Testing international asset pricing models using implied cost of capital, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 73, 411-431. Maines, L. and McDaniel, L. (2009) Effects of Comprehensive-Income Characteristics on Nonprofessional Investors Judgments: The Role of Financial-Statement Presentation Format. The Accounting Review 75, 179-207. Nrreklit H. (2003) The Balanced Scorecard: what is the score? A rhetorical analysis of the Balanced Scorecard, Accounting, Organizations and Society, Volume 28, Issue 6, August 2003, pp. 591-619. Schroeter, J. (2009) "Multiple Forecasting System at Brake Parts, Inc.," journal of Business Forecasting, pp. 5-9 Smith M., Abdhllah, Z. and Abdul Razak, R. (2008) The diffusion of technological and management accounting innovation: Malaysian evidence. Asian Review of Accounting, 16(3), pp. 197-218 Weiss, D., Naik, P.N. and Tsai, C.L. (2008) Extracting forward-looking information from security prices: A new approach. The Accounting Review, 83(4), 1101-1124. Winklhofer, H. and Diamantopoulos, A. (2008) A model of export sales forecasting behavior and performance: development and testing International. Journal of Forecasting 19, 271285 Websites Cgma.org, (2015). Essential tools for management accountants - CGMA. [online] Available at: https://www.cgma.org/Resources/Tools/essential-tools/Pages/list.aspx?TestCookiesEnabled=redirect [Accessed 19 Mar. 2015].

Leadership Styles Transformative, Participative and Task Oriented

Leadership refers to the ability of a person to influence other people to do things, which they would not have done without the influence. People with this ability are referred to as leaders. Leaders are found in different settings and contexts such as the family, in schools, government and in formal and non-formal organisations. There are three main styles of leadership, namely transformative, participative and task-oriented leadership.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Leadership Styles: Transformative, Participative and Task Oriented specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Transformative Leadership Transformative leadership involves various aspects, one of them being charisma, which involves, among other things developing motivation, morale and performance of teams through variety of mechanisms. The charismatic leader connects to the follower’s sense of identity, challenges the team to take greater ownership fo r their work and understanding the strengths and weakness of the team so that he or she can align it with tasks that it can perform well. Transformative leadership, through the charismatic aspect helps in realising positive change. This is because charismatic leaders are energetic, enthusiastic, inspiring, motivational and passionate about their organisational success and development. In this sense, the leaders are concerned, involved and also focused on helping every member of the group to succeed. Transformative leadership has got multiple routes to innovativeness in an organisation. The first one is that it leads to establishment of teams which work together. These teams give themselves a social identity which bonds them. This social identity and bonding lead to cooperation among the team members in all aspects, which leads to multiplicity of ideas about how to undertake the tasks, consequently leading to innovation within the team. The other route to innovation is that transform ative leadership directly leads to cooperation within an organisation whereby the employees do not personalise problems or success. This leads to innovation because the employees are more committed to the success of the organisation and to them, motivation comes as a result of organisational success, not individual success. Every employee, therefore, brings his or her ideas in the organisation. These ideas are combined and transformed into new ways of doing things in a more efficient and effective manner.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Transformative leadership may directly lead to innovation because the transformative leaders are knowledgeable and possess high technical know-how, especially in research and development. This knowledge and technical know-how by the charismatic leaders when coupled with their other transformative characteristics directly provokes employeesâ €™ thinking on how to improve the functions, processes and procedures of their organisation, thus leading to innovation. Participative Leadership In participative leadership philosophy, all members of the team are involved in identifying essential goals and development procedures for reaching those goals. In participative leadership, the teams give their suggestions freely and are involved in decision making. Morale, capacity and relations between the leader and team are greatly improved. This leadership style contributes to teamwork and employee performance as well as contributing to productive work environment. Task oriented Leadership Task-oriented leaders are those who concentrate on the task being undertaken, with the belief that their followers would emulate their actions and likewise commit themselves in getting the task accomplished. A task-oriented leader, focuses on the tasks being undertaken by the employees to ensure that they pay attention to details so as to comple te the tasks in a comprehensive manner. Through task-oriented style of leadership; leaders are able to spearhead the development of their organisations. This report on Leadership Styles: Transformative, Participative and Task Oriented was written and submitted by user Paige Key to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.